Used Okuma Mx 45 Vae for sale (217)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 165 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, spindle motor power: 11,000 W, total height: 1,569 mm, overall weight: 3,800 kg, controller manufacturer: OKUMA, controller model: OSP P200 L, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Okuma GENOS L200E-M was manufactured in 2010. It features a maximum turning diameter of 200 mm and a turning length of 380 mm. The machine is equipped with a spindle speed of 4,500 rpm and a main spindle power of 11 kW. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Okuma GENOS L200E-M horizontal turning machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Max swing over covers: 450 mm • Max turning diameter: 200 mm • Max turning length: 380 mm • Spindle nose: ASA A2-6 • Front bearing diameter: 100 mm • Spindle bore: 62 mm • Bar capacity: 50 mm • Rapid traverse (X/Z): 20–25 m/min • Tailstock taper: MT No. 5 • Tailstock quill stroke: 100 mm • Turret type: VDI-30 V12 Nwjdpoy A I Stefx Abkoh • Indexing time (1 position): 0.1 sec • OD tool size: 20 x 20 mm • ID tool size: 32 mm • Live tool speed: 6,000 rpm • Live tool power: 4.0 / 1.8 kW • Floor space: 2.081 x 1.550 m • Total power on time: 23,498 hours • Operating time: 6,490 hours • Cutting time: 5,278 hours Additional equipment • Static tool holder kit included Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools No

Year of construction: 2007, condition: excellent (used), X AXIS: 762 MM Y AXIS: 560 MM Z AXIS: 460 MM SPINDLE SPEED: 15,000 RPM SPINDLE CONE: BT 40 TABLE DIMENSION: 460 X 760 MM MAXIMUM LOAD: 400 KG RAPID FEEDS X/Y AXIS: 40,000 MM/MIN Z AXIS RAPID FEEDS: 32,000 MM/MIN WORKING FEED: 32,000 MM/MIN TOOL WAREHOUSE: 20 PLACES TOOL CHANGE TIME: 1.2 SEC – 3.8 SEC MAXIMUM TOOL WEIGHT: 8 KG Nwjdpepyg Rksfx Abkoh MAXIMUM TOOL LENGTH: 300 MM CONTROL: OSP-P200M

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, Ref. -No.: 10434 Manufacturer: OKUMA Type: LC 40 Year of construction: 2002 Type of control: CNC Control: FANUC 18-i TB Nedpfx Asy Ed Ayebkewh Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Germany Turning Speeds: 10 - 2.800 RPM Bar passage: 91 mm Chuck diameter: 450 mm Tailstock - diameter: 120 mm Turning Diameter: 550 mm Turning Length: 800 mm Swing Diameter: 800 mm Spindle passage: 90 mm Spindle nose: A2-8 Tailstock Quill Stroke: 150 mm Total Power Requirement: 44 kW Weight Of The Machine Ca.: 8 t Number of tool stations: 12 pc

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 5,785 h, Okuma Genos L300e-MY turning center Year: 2013 Technical details: Control OSP P300L-R Turning diameter 340 mm Turning length 1020 mm Spindle bore diameter 65 mm Spindle Speed 25 - 3000 1/min Spindle motor 15/11 kW Movement X-axis 235 mm Movement Y-axis +50 / -50 mm Movement Z-axis 1074 mm Minimum indexing C-Axis main Spindle 0,001 ° Number of tools on turret 12 Spindle speed driven tools 45 - 4500 1/min Number of driven tools 12 position Nwedpfx Ajzat Tvjbkeh Tool Taper VDI40 Spindle motor driven tools 7/3,3 kW Bar feeder SPACESAVER 2210 ( 1500 mm bar lenght, up to 67 mm diameter ) Machine dimensions 4370x2540x2490 mm Weight 7500 kg Accessories/options: - SPACESAVER 2210 barfeeder - swarf conveyor - parts cather - Renishaw tool measuring arm - Driven tool holders - Static tool holders - Hydraulic chuck - Jaws for chuck - Documentations - Dust extractor

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1987, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 01224, turning diameter over cross slide: 520 mm, turning length: 750 mm, turning diameter: 380 mm, spindle bore: 60 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 20 rpm, overall weight: 5,000 kg, bar diameter (max.): 60 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, CNC control Fanuc 10 TF Turning diameter: 380 mm Swing over bed: 520 mm Turning length: 750 mm Turret: 12 stations Spindle speeds: 20 - 3500 rpm Chuck incl. hard and soft jaws Tailstock Including various toolholders Monitor new: flat screen Year of manufacture: 1987 Machine under power. Nedpfxey Irfzj Abkowh Data sheet, documentation and manuals available Data transfer possible with laptop.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 565 mm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, total height: 2,300 mm, total width: 2,100 mm, overall weight: 6,000 kg, product length (max.): 3,900 mm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Okuma LB3000 EX was manufactured in 2008. It features a maximum turning diameter of 340 mm and a distance between centers of 1020 mm. The machine is equipped with a powerful OSP-P200 control system and offers a spindle speed range of 45–5000 rpm. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Okuma LB3000 EX horizontal turning machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Control system OSP-P200 • 12-station tool turret radial • Revolver 12 driven tools • Number of revolvers 1 • Tool holder BMT 60 • Number of tools 12 • Number of tools available approx. 200 • Driven tool stations power 7.1 kW • Driven tool torque 40.4 Nm • Driven tool speed range 45–6000 rpm • C-axis included • Sub-spindle with W-axis • Main spindle bore 110 mm • Spindle bore 80 mm • Spindle nose A2-11 • Spindle speed range 28–2800 rpm • Spindle speed 45–5000 rpm • Main spindle drive 22/15 kW • Power at 40% duty cycle 22 kW • Maximum turning diameter 340 mm • Distance between centers 1020 mm • Programmable chuck pressure (2 levels) Nodpfxjy Aaxro Abkowh • Thread milling interpolation X/Y and Z/Y axes • Workpiece catcher programmable • Chip conveyor with integrated coolant tank • Paper band filter system heavy-duty • Coolant tank capacity 480 l • Coolant pump 40 l/min at approx. 20 bar • Coolant pump type Brinkmann TH 90/690-FSI • Extraction connection diameter 200 mm • Hollow clamping cylinder bore 110 mm • Power chuck FORKARD QLC-KS 250-101 Z8 • Chuck bore 101 mm • Drawtube for spindle max. 100 mm • Collet chuck Hainbuch Axfix 100 • Clamping range 42–100 mm • Manual collet change device • Sub-spindle stroke 150 mm • Bar feeder interface • Short bar loader IRCO ILS RBK • Bar capacity diameter 5–100 mm • Spindle reduction tube diameter 90 mm length 1500 mm • Chip disposal conveyor PVC with PU coating • Hydraulic clamping cylinder bore 52 mm • Machine dimensions 3.9 m x 2.1 m x 2.3 m • Machine weight 4000–6000 kg • Maintenance contract yes • Utilization highOPTIONAL for an additional charge: Approx. 200 tools availableElectrical maintenance was carried out 1.5 years ago. During this work, some electrical components were replaced or cleaned Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools Yes

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 14,500 h, functionality: fully functional, turning diameter over cross slide: 370 mm, turning length: 1,000 mm, turning diameter: 340 mm, spindle bore: 62 mm, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, total height: 1,900 mm, total length: 3,200 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, overall weight: 7,500 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, OKUMA LB300MC1000, OSP P200L control, V12 turret VDI40, V12 driven tools VDI40, manual tailstock, chip conveyor, coolant pump, standard spindle 5000 RPM, touch setter, Nwedpfx Absymfmnokoh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Okuma Multus B300-W 6-axis turning and milling center Nwjdpfx Abeyg Rf Nokoh - Okuma OSP P200L - Year 2008 - Cutting time: 10,500 h - H1 milling spindle: 6,000 rpm - Main spindle: 3,800 rpm, Rota NC 315-86 - Counter spindle: 5,000 rpm - ATC 60 system HSKA-63 (60 tools) - Geometry: very good - Marpos tool sensor

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, Okuma Macturn 30 1SW 1000, OSP 7000M, chip conveyor, ATC 24 BT40, coolant pump 8 bar, gear milling option, approx. 12,500 spindle hours, HS Big Bore, GS Standard Bore Nwedpovta Rkofx Abksh Neff The Okuma specialist and NeffBuy We are also happy to provide you with the all-round carefree package, a tour of our showroom (30 Okuma machines) including demonstration and acceptance, loading, transport, assembly and commissioning of the machine as well as instruction and subsequent service. Bjsvkhv0lno We operate Okuma CNC service throughout Europe, both electronically and mechanically, and on top of that we have a 1200 m2 inventory of all Okuma spare parts, please visit us on our homepage.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (min.): 5,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 700 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 700 mm, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 25 rpm, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, TECHNICAL DETAILS 2x Pallets 500 x 500 mm Travel distances X: 700 mm, Y: 800 mm, Z: 700 mm Table size: 500 mm x 500 mm Rotary table/B-axis: indexed in 1° steps, 360 positions Nwjdpfeyrgzkjx Abkoh Table load capacity: 800 kg Spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Distance spindle nose to table surface: 150 mm - 850 mm Tool holder: MAS BT 50 Tool magazine (ATC): 60 positions, chain magazine Maximum tool length: 450 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control: CNC OSP 100M Dimensions & Weight Machine weight: 21,000 kg Dimensions (L x W x H): 5,500 x 3,160 x 3,300 mm Spindle hours: 18,500 EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor, coolant system, and pocket filter system for internal cooling

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (min.): 3,200 rpm, total height: 1,700 mm, total length: 2,700 mm, total width: 1,900 mm, overall weight: 6,500 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, OKUMA ES L II-M Year 2002 A small, very compact lathe with extensive capabilities. Nedoyna Uispfx Abkowh Control U-10L, parts catcher, touchsetter, V12 turret VDI 30— all driven positions, manual tailstock, chip conveyor, coolant pump, bar feeder Samsys MUS-3000 year 2007, including equipment, SMW chuck KNCS-N210-52, package with jaws and 24 tools optionally available.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1998, functionality: fully functional, OKUMA LCC15, OSP 700L, collet chuck, chip conveyor, coolant pump, touch setter, chip conveyor, parts catcher, V12 turret direct mounting. Nwodpfx Aeyq S E Sjbkjh A very compact and efficient machine for bar stock workpieces. * The LNS bar feeder is included free of charge with the machine, but it is not part of the sale and must be electronically serviced by an LNS technician.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 900 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 780 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 780 mm, total height: 31,500 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Dear customer, we have an Okuma MA 500 HB 6APC in good condition in stock for you. We look forward to your inquiry and remain with best regards, Your Neff - The Okuma Specialist Team Data sheet: Control: OSP P200-M Travel paths X-axis: [mm] 900 Y-axis: [mm]: 780 Z-axis: [mm]: 780 B-axis: [degrees] 1; 360 degree incrementation Tool changer 200 ATC MAS BT50 Tool positions: 200 Tool holder: MAS BT50 Maximum tool weight: [Kg] 500 Maximum tool length: [mm] 450 Main spindle Max. speed: [1/min] 6,000 Drive power: [kW] 33 Pallet station 6 APC Pallet dimensions: [mm] 500×500 Njdpfx Abjvta Sbekjwh Workpiece weight: [Kg] 950 Workpiece size: [mm] 800×1000 Other features: – Renishaw Probe – Renishaw Tool Break Control – Mayfran Concept with high pressure pump Neff The Okuma specialist and NeffBuy We are also happy to provide you with the all-round carefree package, viewing in our showroom including demonstration and Acceptance, loading, transport, assembly and commissioning of the machine as well as instructions and subsequent service. We operate Okuma CNC service throughout Europe, both electronically and mechanically, and on top of that we have a 1200 m2 inventory of all Okuma spare parts, please visit our homepage.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Okuma MB56VA 3-axis vertical machining center U100M ATC 32 SK40 Main spindle 12,000 rpm Oil mist extraction Cutting time 9,675 h Chip conveyor Nsdpfx Asyiu D Ijbkjwh Coolant system Preparation for A-axis (4th axis) *Optional: large selection of SK40 tools to suit the machine

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 18,349 h, turning length: 1,000 mm, turning diameter: 340 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,800 rpm, Produced in 2008, cutting time 18,349 h, OSP P200L, 4-axis double turret VDI40, A-turret VDI40 V12 with live tools, B-turret VDI40 V8, turning diameter 340 mm, turning length 1000 mm, standard spindle bore, main spindle 4800 rpm, tailstock, manual, touchsetter, chip conveyor, coolant station, in good working and geometric condition, optional tools available. Nwedpfx Abeyu N Uxekjh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 21,269 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 0082, turning length: 1,500 mm, turning diameter: 580 mm, travel distance X-axis: 598 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 230 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,660 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 598 mm Travel Y-axis: 230 mm Travel Z-axis: 1,660 mm Nsdpoyxmyuofx Abkewh Max. turning diameter: 580 mm Turning length: 1,500 mm Swing diameter over bed: 610 mm Swing diameter over cross slide: 580 mm Main Spindle Main spindle speed range: 12 - 2,800 rpm Spindle bearing diameter: 150 mm Spindle bore: 110 mm Spindle nose: JIS A2-11 Main spindle drive power: 37 (30) kW C-axis accuracy: 0.001° Rapid traverse X/Y: 12,000 mm/min Rapid traverse Z: 20,000 mm/min Rapid traverse C: 100 rpm Cutting feed rate: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Tool Turret Type: H2 ATC Number of tool stations: 2 (1x L-Tool / 1x M-Tool) positions Driven stations: stepless Speed range - driven tool stations: 40 - 3,000 rpm Tool shank height: 25 mm Boring bar holder diameter: 50 mm Tailstock Quill diameter: 120 mm Quill stroke: 170 mm Tailstock taper: MT 5 Tool Magazine Number of tool stations: 50 positions Tool holder: MAS BT 50 Max. tool diameter: 170 mm Max. tool length: 350 mm Max. tool weight: 20 kg Magazine drive: 3.2 kW MACHINE DETAILS Total power requirement: 53 kVA Dimensions & Weight Space requirement: 6.0 x 3.2 x 3.0 m Machine weight: 18.5 t Operating Hours Main switch on-hours: 79,607 h NC operating hours: 27,814 h Main spindle hours: 21,269 h EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor Central coolant system High-pressure coolant system, 20 bar Tailstock Signal lamp C-axis Y-axis Hydraulic unit Steady rest Various tool holders (44 pcs.) Three-jaw chuck Schunk - ROTA NC 400-120 Electronic handwheel

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 8,200 h, functionality: fully functional, Control unit: OSP-P300M-R Table dimensions: 1530 x 660 mm Table load: max. 1500 kg X-axis travel: 1500 mm Y-axis travel: 660 mm Z-axis travel: 660 mm Distance between spindle nose and table surface: 150 – 610 mm Spindle speed: 12000 rpm Rapid traverses: X/Y: 40 m/min, Z: 32 m/min Drive power: 22 / 18.5 kW Taper: BT40 / MAS 403 Tool magazine: 32 stations Max. tool length: 300 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kgs Max. tool diameter: D80 mm Weight: 11000 kgs Nwodoy T Nhdjpfx Abkoh Dimensions (L x W x H): 3200 x 2950 x 2800 mm Accessories / Equipment: - MAYFRAN chip conveyor - Coolant system - Spindle cooler - Transformer - Mac NAVI - TAS-C - Tool lengt measuring - Zero point measuring - Machine feet - Documentation The machine is being sold due to company liquidation. It is still under power in Hungary.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 8,800 h, functionality: fully functional, Control unit: OSP-P300M-R Table dimensions: 1300 x 560 mm Table load: max. 900 kg X-axis travel: 1050 mm Y-axis travel: 560 mm Z-axis travel: 460 mm Distance between spindle nose and table surface: 150 – 610 mm Spindle speed: 12000 rpm Rapid traverses: X/Y: 40 m/min, Z: 32 m/min Drive power: 22 / 18.5 kW Taper: BT40 / MAS 403 Tool magazine: 32 stations Max. tool length: 300 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kgs Max. tool diameter: D80 mm Weight: 7500 kgs Dimensions (L x W x H): 3200 x 2500 x 2750 mm Accessories / Equipment: Nodoy T Nfcjpfx Abkjwh - MAYFRAN chip conveyor - Coolant system - Spindle cooler - Transformer - Mac NAVI - TAS-C - Machine feet - Documentation The machine is being sold due to company liquidation. It is still under power in Hungary.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 6,100 h, functionality: fully functional, Control unit: OSP-P200MA-R Table dimensions: 1000 x 460 mm Table load: max. 700 kg X-axis travel: 762 mm Y-axis travel: 460 mm Z-axis travel: 460 mm Distance between spindle nose and table surface: 150 – 610 mm Spindle speed: 15000 rpm Rapid traverses: X/Y: 40 m/min, Z: 32 m/min Drive power: 22 / 18.5 kW Taper: BT40 / MAS 403 Nsdpfoy T I U Aex Abkowh Tool magazine: 32 stations Max. tool length: 300 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kgs Max. tool diameter: D80 mm Weight: 6800 kgs Dimensions (L x W x H): 2810 x 2225 x 2750 mm Accessories / Equipment: - MAYFRAN chip conveyor - Coolant system - Spindle cooler - Transformer - Mac NAVI - Machine feet - Documentation The machine is being sold due to company liquidation. It is still under power in Hungary.

Condition: excellent (used), OKUMA control system Turning diameter: 650 mm Turning length: 1450 mm For technical specifications, see the photo. The price of the machine includes the accessories shown in the photo. Njdpfx Aboyxrggokswh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 240 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 240 mm, spindle motor power: 15,000 W, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Okuma LB15i-M was manufactured in 1997. It features a spindle speed of up to 6000 rpm and a spindle power of approximately 15 kW. The machine includes 5 motorized front tools and 2 radial tools, providing versatile machining capabilities. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Okuma LB15i-M horizontal turning machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Nwodpfx Abjywu Siokjh • Turret positions: 12 • Driven tools: Yes (5 front + 2 radial) • Tailstock: available (to be enabled) • Distance between centers: 500–1000 mm • Spindle nose: JIS A2-6 Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools Yes

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, Reference: LT-2512 Manufacturer: Okuma Model: LVT300-M Control Unit: Okuma OSP-P200L Year of Manufacture: 2007 Keyboard / Software Language: International / Spanish Country of Origin: Japan Technical Specifications Capacity Swing over bed: Ø 280 mm Swing over Z-axis carriage: Ø 280 mm Swing over X-axis carriage: Ø 280 mm Max. turning diameter x length: Ø 280 x 200 mm Main Spindle Nodey Smz Eepfx Abkewh Spindle bearing diameter: Ø 100 mm Spindle nose type: JIS A2-6 Spindle bore diameter: Ø 62 mm Speed ranges: 2 ranges, infinitely variable Spindle speed: 40 – 4,000 rpm Spindle motor: 22/15 kW (20 min/continuous rating), VAC type X-Axis Travel: 210 mm + 845 mm (for workpiece loading) Cutting feedrate: 0.001 – 1,000.00 mm/rev Rapid traverse rate: 60,000 mm/min Z-Axis Travel: 360 mm Cutting feedrate: 0.001 – 1,000.00 mm/rev Rapid traverse rate: 30,000 mm/min Turret Type: VDI 40 Number of tool stations: 12 (L or M) Tool Dimensions O.D. turning shank size: 25 x 25 mm I.D. boring bar shank diameter: Ø 40 mm Live Tooling / Driven Tools Rotational speed: 45 – 4,500 rpm Speed ranges: 1 range, infinitely variable Drive motor: 3.7/2.2 kW (15 min/continuous rating) C-Axis Controlled indexing angle: 360° (0.001° minimum increment) Rapid traverse rate: 200 rpm Dimensions and Weight Machine height: 2,500 mm Floor space footprint: 1,320 x 2,800 mm Machine weight: 5,600 kg Included Options EWAB palletized conveyor system (pallets not included) MAYFRAN chip conveyor FORKARDT 3QLC 200-54 hydraulic chuck (3-jaw / 210 mm) Tool presetter (TOUCH SETTER) TOOL LIFE MANAGEMENT function Rigid tapping DNC-T1

Condition: used, OKUMA LB 200 M is a CNC turning lathe for high‑precision machining, accuracy and reliable operation. Capacities: turning Ø over cross‑slide 420 mm; swing over bed 530 mm; spindle hole 53 mm; max Ø 300 mm; travels Z 335 mm, X 180 mm. Specs: rapid traverse X 25 m/min, Z 30 m/min; spindle speeds 50–6000 t/min; 3x400 V 50 Hz; total power 16 kVA; weight ≈3300 kg; dims 2035×1720×1700 mm. Equipment: 12‑position fixed‑tool turret; tailstock Morse 4, spindle stroke 80 mm, Ø 55 mm. Enables tight tolerances; typical sectors: automotive, aerospace, medical, machine building. Njdpfx Aboyxnxxokjwh

Condition: used, OKUMA LB 2000 EX is a CNC turning lathe designed for precision, high accuracy and reliability. Capacities: spindle hole 62 mm; max turning length 300 mm; max turning diameter 430 mm; travels Z 350 mm, X 260 mm. Specs: rapid traverse Z 30 m/min, X 25 m/min; stepless spindle 50–6000 t/min; power 50 Hz 3x 400 V; weight ≈3250 kg; dimensions L1900×W1750×H1850 mm. Equipment: 12-position turret. Capable of tight tolerances; typical applications: automotive, aerospace, medical, watchmaking, machine tools. Nwodpfjyxnxfsx Abksh

Condition: used, OSP GRAPHIC PANEL 5000 E0105-800-027 Njdpfxoyn R S Ee Abkowh The parts were removed from production facilities that were in operation until they were decommissioned. Condition: used (functional)