Used Scm Record for sale (596)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, used, excellent condition, low hours Manufacturer: SCM Lodpfx Aaoythdcjlshd Model: SI 450 E Year of manufacture: 2002 CE type-tested Motor: 7.5 kW Steel guides Carriage length approx. 3200 mm Cutting width approx. 1250 mm Max. blade diameter: 450 mm tiltable scoring unit parallelogram safety guard table extension approx. 480 mm electric height adjustment electric tilt adjustment digital display: - height - cutting angle simple mitre gauge dust extraction port D 120 x 100 mm space requirement approx. 3400 x 2400 x 1500 mm Weight approx. 1100 kg Location: 97447 Gerolzhofen, loaded free on truck, unpacked Handover in as-inspected condition, without warranty or guarantee

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, total width: 1,600 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, total length: 2,000 mm, working width: 1,100 mm, grinding width: 1,100 mm, overall weight: 1,187 kg, grinding height: 170 mm, height adjustment type: electric, type of input current: three-phase, workpiece height (max.): 170 mm, grinding belt width: 1,115 mm, extraction nozzle diameter: 160 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, input voltage: 400 V, - Italian made - DTR (technical documentation) and CE certified TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Lodpfx Ajytp Agjalshd - Maximum working width: 1100 mm - Maximum working height: 170 mm - Minimum working height: 3 mm - Minimum working length: 370 mm - Dimensions of sanding belts (width x length): 1115 x 1900 mm - Feed motor power: 0.8 kW - Two feed speeds: 4.5 and 9 m/min - Sanding height adjustment motor power: 0.25 kW - 2 units (aggregates): 1) Grooved steel calibrating roller, Ø 140 mm - Rubber pressure roller 2) Grooved rubber roller + shoe + steel roller - Rubber pressure roller - Aggregate I and II motor power: 15 kW From below: - 3 pressure rollers - Conveyor belt - 3 pressure rollers - Pneumatic belt oscillation - Air blower for the second sanding belt - Electric and manual table lifting (for precise setting) - With pneumatic brake - Sanding belt speed: 16 m/s - Operating pressure: 6 - 8 bar - Extraction port diameter: 2x160 mm, 2x110 mm Machine dimensions: - Overall dimensions (LxWxH): 2000x1600x2000 mm - Weight: 1200 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, TECHNICAL DATA AXES Max. workpiece dimensions X-Y-Z mm 3050 x 800 x 50 Min. workpiece dimensions X-Y-Z mm 300 x 90 x 10 Drilling/slotting working area mm 0 x 800/0 x 800 X axis stroke mm 750 Max. travel speed of X-Y axes m/min 25 DRILLING UNIT Vertical spindles Number 7 (4X-4Y one common) Horizontal spindles (along the Y axis) Number 2 (1+1) Horizontal spindles (along the X axis) Number 1 Fixed grooving saw (direction) X Grooving saw diameter mm 100 Max. grooving saw thickness mm 5 Motor power kW (HP) 1.5 (2) Spindle speed rpm 3350 Grooving saw speed rpm 4300 INSTALLATION Power supply V (Hz) 380 / 400 (50 / 60) Installed power KVA 4.5 Compressed air requirement bar 6 Compressed air consumption Nl/cycle 90 Extraction requirement m3 / h 1200 Extraction air speed m / sec 20 Extraction nozzle diameter mm 80+80 F10L Drilling unit Includes: - 7 independent vertical spindles - Drill chuck D10 mm - Distance between spindles 32 mm - 2 horizontal drilling heads, 1 in X direction with one drill, 1 double drilling head in Y direction (1 + 1 drill chuck D10 mm) - Speed 3350 rpm - 1 integrated sawing unit in X (max. Diameter 100 mm) - Saw blade speed 4300 rpm - Motor power 1.5 kW - Vertical pneumatic travel per spindle 70 mm - Horizontal pneumatic travel of the drilling unit. Positioning of the workpiece and drive of the work unit: A CNC-controlled suction cup clamps the workpiece and positions it sequentially under the work unit during machining. Movement in the X and Y axes takes place on THK guides with transmission to reinforced toothed rails. Movement in the Z axis is pneumatically controlled on ball-bushing guides with adjustable stop positioning. The positioning of the work units is carried out using technology and drives with DC motors. CNC CONTROL The control system was specially developed for use in drilling and milling machines. CN - 7" color screen with touchscreen function - Alphanumeric keyboard - Self-diagnosis and any error messages or malfunctions that may occur, in the operator's language Programming - Programming via the CN - Automatic optimization of drilling operations - Option of plate zero point shift - Option of saving and importing drilling programs via USB dongle - Option of importing drilling programs from CAD-CAM external software Configuration - User interface in the same language as the instruction manual Graphic representation of the unit configuration Vacuum suction cups "B-Power Vacuum suction cups with double vacuum connection, recommended for particularly porous panels (e.g. MDF light). Machine user interface software Xilog Maestro USB Hardware and software requirements: - Operating system: Windows XP Professional (SP2), Windows Vista or Windows 7 - Processor: Intel compatible, 2GHz min; Multicore processor recommended - Memory capacity: 1GB min., recommended 2GB - Free disk space: 5GB - Graphic card: Compatible OpenGL (The code includes a DVD for installation and a USB key) Xilog Maestro Features Programming - Parametric, graphic programming - Assisted programming with graphic and syntax help for drilling operations - Possibility to create and save machining macros Integrated additional functions - Self-diagnosis and possible error messages or malfunctions, in the operator's language - User interface in Ledpfx Ajvvi I Roalshd

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, Startech cn MAIN FEATURES FLEXIBLE AND CUSTOMIZED PRODUCTION COMBINED WITH SPEED AND PRECISION DRILLING FROM ABOVE WITH REFERENCE TO THE TOP OF THE PLATE ALLOWS ABSOLUTELY PRECISION MACHINING NUMERICAL CONTROL WITH 7" COLOR SCREEN: SIMPLE AND INTUITIVE TECHNICAL DATA Startech CN AXES Max. workpiece dimensions X-Y-Z mm 3050 x 800 x 50 Min. workpiece dimensions X-Y-Z mm 300 x 90 x 10 Drilling/slotting work area mm 0 x 800/0 x 800 X-axis stroke mm 750 Max. travel speed of the X-Y axes m / min 25 DRILLING UNIT Vertical spindles number 7 (4X-4Y one of them common) Horizontal spindles (along the Y axis) Number 2 (1+1) Horizontal spindles (along the X axis) Number 1 Fixed groove saw (direction) X Diameter of the groove saw mm 100 Max. thickness of the groove saw mm 5 Motor power kW (HP) 1.5 (2) Spindle speed rpm 3350 Speed of the groove saw rpm 4300 INSTALLATION Power supply V (Hz) 380 / 400 (50 / 60) Installed power KVA 4.5 Compressed air demand bar 6 Compressed air consumption Nl/cycle 90 Extraction demand m3 / h 1200 Extraction air speed m / sec 20 Extraction nozzle diameter mm 120 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Universal CNC drilling machine with work table with fixed gantry and movable workpiece for performing the following machining operations: - Vertical drilling on the panel surface - Horizontal drilling on all four sides of the workpiece - Groove Milling with integrated groove saw in the "X" direction. Self-supporting structure. Machine frame made of tubular steel to provide a large base for the work table. The structure is positioned on three self-leveling feet. The electrical control cabinet is integrated into the machine frame. "Easy Motion" central Bakelite support table: - an MDF sector for through-hole drilling, automatically pivoting for horizontal drilling - an infeed roller that facilitates panel loading - a rear roller conveyor that facilitates panel sliding - left and right stops - a central aligner with manual adjustment. The left and right stops are required to drill the two opposite sides of the panel horizontally in the "X" direction. Panel positioning along the X axis is achieved by means of suction cups. Unit support. This is a gantry structure made of tubular steel. The main machining unit is installed on the gantry. F10L drilling unit includes: - 7 independent vertical spindles - Drill chuck D10 mm - Distance between spindles 32 mm - 2 horizontal drilling heads, 1 in X direction with a single drill, 1 double drilling head in Y direction (1 + 1 drill chuck D10 mm) - Speed 3350 rpm - 1 integrated sawing unit in X (max. diameter 100 mm) - Saw blade speed 4300 rpm - Motor power 1.5 kW - Vertical pneumatic travel per spindle 70 mm - Horizontal pneumatic travel of the drilling unit Positioning of the workpiece and drive of the machining unit A CNC-controlled suction cup clamps the workpiece and positions it sequentially under the machining unit during machining. The movement in X and Y axis is carried out on THK guides with transmission on reinforced toothed Movement in Z axis is carried out pneumatically on "ball-bushing" guides with positioning on stop adjustable via the positioning of the working units is carried out via technology and drives with -CONTROL The control was specially developed for use Lhjdpevwbp Ajfx Aaled

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, Working size in X-direction: 2770 mm Lhedpfjvvi Htjx Aalsd Working size in Y-direction: 1220 mm Working thickness (Z-dimension): 80 mm Machine design: Gantry-type machine Main spindle power: 11.0 kW Main spindle speed: 1500 - 24000 rpm Vector controlled spindle: Yes Clamping system: HSK 63 F Spindle cooling: Air cooling Number of axes: 3 Tool changer: Yes Tool changer positions: 10 Keyboard: Yes Mouse: Yes Programming system: Xilog Plus DXF interface: Yes Online connection possible: Yes CD-ROM drive: Yes Table type: Matrix table Stop system: Stop cylinders Number of vacuum pumps: 1 Vacuum pump capacity: 250 m³/h Safety: Safety tread mats Storage location: Sonnefeld

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, CNC-CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER WITH MULTIFUNCTIONAL TABLE - WORK CELL VERSIONX400 CELLDrilling and milling made for you!The numerically controlled machining center is equipped with a wide range of milling/drilling tools to meet every need in the processing of wood and similar materials.- More powerful, with drilling spindles with 8,000 rpm and . Technology, the toughest spindle available on the market, with over 1,000 maintenance-free hours of use. Better and more comprehensively equipped, with various configuration options thanks to the multifunctional table to optimally equip the machine according to your needs. Easier and more understandable programming thanks to the integrated MAESTRO CNC CAD-CAM module. Easier to use: the work table is accessible at all times, the electrical cabinet and vacuum pump are integrated, and in the PRO SPACE configuration there are no guards. Supporting structure. The supporting structure consists of a particularly strong monolithic steel base, heavily ribbed and very rigid. The particularly wide support was specifically designed to give the machine stability, ensuring consistent precision regardless of the working conditions and eliminating the need to anchor the machine to the floor. The base forms a large and solid support for the mobile column: the work unit is thus equipped with a balanced, stable, and durable support that can withstand the most extreme stresses, ensuring higher quality performance and greater precision. The mobile gantry consists of a single, solid unit anchored to the base on both sides and slides on pyrotechnic guides with top-quality ball-return slides. The dual motorization along the X-axis ensures top performance even under demanding working conditions. The movement of the lower moving unit (X-axis) and the working unit along the rod of the moving unit (Y-axis) is achieved thanks to a rack/pinion transmission with helical teeth. this creates a greater tooth-to-tooth thrust which achieves greater acceleration and greater speed along the X and Y axes. The specially designed helical gearing ensures less wear on the mechanical components and less noise. The vertical Z axis is driven by a screw with ball return which ensures perfect balance with dynamic loading and strong acceleration and deceleration. The main milling unit is directly coupled to the Z axis carriage and ensures absolute quality of finishes as any vibrations are completely eliminated. Translation along the X-Y-Z axes is carried out by brushless motors driven by static inverters; These ensure: - Reduced processing times thanks to improved acceleration - Better positioning accuracy thanks to the high-resolution encoder - Zeroing of setup operations when switching on the machine thanks to absolute encoders - Zeroing of general maintenance operations since there are no brushes with the "brushless" system The management of the axis displacement and, in general, of the machine's working elements is carried out by an industrial NS module with digital D Lhodpfovvi N Ijx Aaljd

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, Storage location: Nattheim Lodevvi Rxopfx Aaljhd

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, Incl. tools CNC-CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER morbidelli m100 Drilling and milling made for you! This numerically controlled machining center is equipped with a wide range of milling and drilling tools to meet every woodworking requirement. - Highly powerful - with 8,000 rpm drilling spindles and . technology, the most stable spindle available on the market, with more than 1,000 maintenance-free hours of use. - Optimally and comprehensively equipped - the vacuum cleaners can be individually configured with the TV FLEX work table to customize the machine to meet individual requirements. - Easy and understandable programming thanks to the integrated Cad-Cam MAESTRO CNC software - Easy to operate; the lowered machine frame makes the work table accessible at all times. The control cabinet and vacuum pump are integrated into the machine bed, and in the PRO SPACE version, no additional structural protective measures are necessary. Supporting structureThe supporting structure consists of a particularly strong monolithic steel base, ribbed and very robust. The particularly wide support was specifically designed to give the machine stability, ensuring constant precision in all working conditions. The machine does not need to be anchored to the ground. The base provides a large and solid support for the mobile column: the work unit is equipped with a balanced, stable and resistant support that can withstand the most extreme stresses, ensuring superior performance and greater precision. The mobile gantry consists of a solid single part anchored to the base and the work unit is fixed to it and moves along Y and Z axes, also on prismatic guides with ball return sliding blocks of the highest quality. The movement of the lower moving unit (X-axis) and the working unit along the crosshead of the moving unit (Y-axis) is achieved thanks to the power transmission via a rack and pinion with helical teeth; This creates a greater tooth-to-tooth thrust, which achieves greater acceleration and higher speed along the X and Y axes. The specially designed helical gearing ensures less wear on the mechanical components and less noise. The vertical Z axis is driven by a screw with ball return, which ensures perfect balance with dynamic loading and strong acceleration and deceleration. The main milling unit is directly coupled to the Z axis carriage and ensures very high quality finishing as vibrations are completely eliminated. Translation along the X-Y-Z axes is carried out by brushless motors driven by static inverters. These ensure:- Reduced machining times thanks to improved acceleration- Better positioning accuracy thanks to the high resolution encoder- Elimination of setup operations when switching on the machine thanks to absolute encoders- Elimination of general maintenance operations as there are no brushes with the "brushless" systemThe management of the axis displacement and in general of the working elements of the machine is done via e Lhodpfxjvvi Scs Aalsd

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, Max. working width: 630 mm; Number of knives: 4 pcs; Cutterhead: Tersa cutterhead; Motor brake: Yes; Max. thicknessing height: 240 mm; Min. thicknessing height: 3 mm; Max. chip removal: 8 mm; Thickness table adjustment: electric/manual with fine adjustment; Thickness display: mechanical numerical indicator; Fixed feed speed: 6/18 m/min; Thickness table spindles: 1 large; Infeed rollers: serrated steel; Outfeed rollers: steel; Soundproofing: Yes; Approx. weight: 900 kg; Motor power: 5.5 kW; Extraction diameter: 150 mm Storage location: Lhedpfx Aasyq Sflelod

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7739 TECHNICAL DATA Lhsdpfx Asxbp Anjaljd SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 410 mm - 3-knife cutterblock - sound-dampening comb - shaft guard - adjustable angle guide fence - table length: 2060 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max material thickness on thicknesser: 240 mm - thicknesser shaft guard *from above: - anti-kickback fingers - serrated, sprung feed roller - pressure bars - planing cutterhead - pressure bar - smooth outfeed roller - 2 adjustable rollers in lower table - main motor: 5.5 kW - electric brake - electric table height adjustment (up/down) - dust extraction port diameter: 120 mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 2060x970x1150 mm - weight: 660 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian-made – sound-dampening comb – not repainted – in perfect condition – used planer-thicknesser Net price: 22,900 PLN Net price: 5,450 EUR (calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may fluctuate with larger exchange rate changes)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: AA1/014057, silo photo Lhodpfx Aaoyr R Rvelsd

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, For sale is a well-maintained SCM Sandya 5 CS wide belt sander. This machine is in perfect working condition and can be inspected and tested on site. Sale is on behalf of a customer. Machine details: Sanding width: 1100mm Year of manufacture: 2000 Main motor: approx. 15kW Max. working height: approx. 160mm Net weight: 1046kg Ljdpsymgd Usfx Aalohd Includes spare sanding belts, spare drive belt, and operating manual.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, Used machine Year of manufacture: 2008 Condition: currently still in production Features and technical specifications: Edgebanding max. 8-55 mm Incl. swiveling control panel Lhsdpsw Nadgsfx Aaled HF jointing unit with 2 motors Incl. quick-heating, exchangeable, Teflon-coated glue pot Incl. electronic positioning of pressure rollers Incl. tilting double end-trim saw unit Incl. flush milling unit Incl. application-controlled chamfer, radius, and corner copying unit with nesting package Incl. radius scraper with nesting package Incl. surface scraper Incl. grooving unit Incl. buffing unit Incl. spraying unit Availability: short-term Location: Flörsheim

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, gabbiani p 55 automatic horizontal beam saw with 55 mm saw blade projection Lhedpjyn E Hqofx Aaled Cut dimmension: 4300/4300 mm - speed saw carriage 6-60 m/min motor 7 kw - scorring unit 1,3 kw no of clamps 5

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, Incl. 2nd glue pot. Glue thickness for roll edges: 0.4 - 3 mm. Glue thickness for strip edges: 5 mm. Min. - Max. workpiece height: 8 - 50 mm. Feed speed: 9 m/min. Pre-milling unit. Glue unit. Trimming unit. Rounding unit. Flush trimming unit. Radius scraper. Flat scraper. Buffing unit. Spraying unit. Storage location: Customer. Lodpfx Aajw Aig Ssljhd

Condition: good (used), Table dimensions 1.100 x 900 mm Motor output 5,5 kW Spindle diameter 30 mm Weight ca. 610 kg Lhjdpfoykvaaox Aaled

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, Carriage length: 3800 mm Cutting width at the width stop: 1500 mm Cutting width at the cross-cut fence: 3200 mm Cutting depth: 140 mm Scoring unit: no Saw blade height adjustment: electric Ledpfjvxi Ddsx Aalshd Swivel adjustment saw blade: electric Width stop adjustment: electric / position control Saw blade angle display: digital Cutting height display: - Width stop display: Digital Cutting ruler display: Scale Saw blade diameter: 400mm Speeds: 3 Motor power: 7,5kW Motor brake: Yes, automatic Suction connection: 80mm and 120mm Machine length: 3900mm Machine width: 2200mm weight: 1000kg

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007966, Position 1: Panel Feeding and Loading SCM-EVOLUTION C Lhjdpfx Ajwu Agpealod Position 2: Double Sided Squaring/Edgebanding Machines SCM-EVOLUTION C Position 3: Panel Stacking and Offloading SCM-EVOLUTION C

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 008391, Type of edging: Thin edge, Thick edge, Solid wood Gluing System: EVA Hotmelt Premilling Unit: yes Ledpfx Aaoygta Nelshd Corner Rounding Unit: yes Max feed speed: 28 m/min Maximum panel thickness: 60 mm Operating Units: 7 nr

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007984, Max. machining width: 1300 mm Lhodpfx Aaewqdbmslod Min. machining thickness: 4 mm Working Table: Fixed pass height Vacuum feed belt: yes No. Operating units: 4 Nr

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007855, Position 1: Single Edgebanders SCM-STEFANI KD Lhedpfoyhml Isx Aalsd Position 2: Panel Return Systems SCM-STEFANI KD

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007983, Position 1: Single Edgebanders SCM-STEFANI KDR Position 2: Panel Return Systems SCM-STEFANI KDR Ljdowqndljpfx Aalohd

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, machine/vehicle number: A1/000156, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 63 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, workpiece length (max.): 16,000 mm, workpiece width (max.): 1,250 mm, workpiece height (max.): 300 mm, number of axes: 6, number of slots in tool magazine: 8, controller manufacturer: Routech- Quicklink, actuation type: electric, total height: 3,270 mm, total length: 32,100 mm, total width: 6,250 mm, overall weight: 21,000 kg, table length: 12,000 mm, table width: 1,000 mm, year of last overhaul: 2025, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, Routech OIKOS 12/19x1.25 – CNC 6-Axis Machining Center for Timber Construction For sale is a Routech OIKOS 12 CNC-controlled 6-axis machining center, designed for the precise processing of solid and laminated timber components for structural wood construction. This machine is suitable for the production of structural elements for single-family homes, hall construction, conservatories, carports, garden sheds, playground equipment, as well as general engineered timber construction. It enables complete processing of beams in a single pass – without the need for manual repositioning of the workpiece. Lodpfx Aaeyu Upuolohd Technical Specifications 6 interpolating CNC axes (X-Y-Z-B-C-A) Routech OIKOS 12 Max. workpiece length: 19,000 mm Max. cross-section: 1,250 x 300 mm Min. cross-section: 50 x 20 mm Max. workpiece weight: 1,250 kg (optionally up to 2,500 kg) Voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Axis travel speeds: X: 107 m/min Y: 75 m/min Z: 28 m/min Rotary axes: A ±140° B ±180° C ±300° Milling Unit 6-axis special milling head TLT 1 (SCM Group) with: 13 kW continuous power (S1) Inverter power 18 kW Spindle speed up to 18,000 rpm HSK 63E tool holder Liquid cooling Processing in one pass: Milling, sawing, slotting, drilling, profiling, cross-cutting – all sides of the workpiece without re-clamping Tool change system Disc magazine “Rapid 8” with 8 tool positions Max. tool diameter: 360 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kg Additionally equipped with: Motorized saw unit Slotting unit with chain Preparation for adapter units Material Handling C-type buffer zone with 6 conveyor belts and 6 clamping chucks, length 13,500 mm Automatic unloading system 13,500 mm with 6 support beams Automatic waste conveyor for offcuts and chips Continuous processing of multiple workpieces possible. Control & Software CNC with PC Office ROUTECH QUICK-LINK user interface BTL data import from common CAD/CAM systems 3D simulation with collision check Restart after program interruption possible Separate simulation station “SIMOIKOS” for office workstation Safety & Equipment Enclosed safety cabin with Lexan viewing panel Photoelectric sensors at infeed and outfeed 2 extraction ports in the work area Air-conditioned control cabinet, CE compliant Summary The Routech OIKOS 12 is a high-performance CNC machining center for modern timber construction. With its 6-axis technology, high traverse speeds, complete 5-sided processing without re-clamping, and integrated material logistics, the machine is ideal for joineries and timber construction companies engaged in industrial production. Suitable for companies seeking precise, repeatable, and economical solutions for timber joinery processing.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, The machine is being sold on behalf of a customer. It is currently still connected and can be tested on site. We are also happy to send you a video of the machine. Further machine information will follow… Location: East Frisia region. Lodpfx Aajyl Numjlohd

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NO. 7911 TECHNICAL DATA - Number of spindles: 29 pcs - Distance between outermost spindles: 900 mm - Spindle pitch: 32 mm - Table surface: 700x1220 mm - Table height: 930 mm - Pneumatic clamps: 3 pcs - Drilling vertically, horizontally, and at an angle - Vertical/horizontal operation – pneumatic table adjustment - Pneumatic lifting of drilling head - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1400/1050/1400 mm - Weight: 744 kg ADVANTAGES – Manufactured by Italian brand SCM – For 29 drills – Not repainted Ljdpfx Aaoyrr I Njlshd – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 5,900 PLN Net price: 1,400 EUR at an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)