Used Sheet Metal Work for sale (53,001)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, RAS Multibend-Center RAS 79.26 Year 2002 Used RAS Multibend Centre CNC Folder Max working 2560mm Iiedpfxjrxt Hqs Amisb Max sheet thickness (mild steel) 2.0 (2.5mm) Max sheet thickness (stainless steel) 1.5mm Max sheet thickness (aluminium) 3mm Finished part length min. (w/o corner tools) 200/250mm Finished part length (w. small corners) 380/430mm Finished part length min (w. large corners) 430mm / 480mm Finished part width min. (inside) 150 (140mm) Finished four sided part height max 203mm Side free space corner tools (small/large) 30/ 50mm Folding beam travel range 180 Deg Working height 1000mm Machine width 7700mm Machine length 5800mm Machine max height 2400mm Weight approx 17000kg Drive power 25kw

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2001, sheet thickness (max.): 2 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 2 mm, working width: 1,850 mm, working range: 1,850 mm, 1 Used Salvagnini cnc automatic panel bender for sale cnc folder P4.1812 Servo-controlled panel bender LS Upper bending blade LI Lower Bending blade MLA.ZR Manual length Adjustment of Blankholder CLA Long Tab Bending Unit HP12015 R81 Chiller Max. length at entrance: 1850mm. Max. width at entrance: 1500mm. Minimum length at entrance: 285mm. Isdpfx Ajwb E Uvemisib Minimum width at entrance: 190mm. Maximum diagonal: 2150mm. Maximum width at exit: 1500mm. Maximum reference dimension: 2000mm. Minimum sheet thickness: S min: 0,50mm. Maximum sheet thickness, Mild Steel (max. 410 N/mm2): Max: 2,00mm Maximum sheet thickness, Stainless steel (max. 600 N/mm2): Max. = 1.25mm Processing of pre-painted material Smax= 3,00mm. Maximum tool length for CLA option: 1000mm.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, RAS Multibend Center 79.22 Automatic cnc FOLDER / Panel bender Year 2002 Specifications • Working Length: 2160 mm/ 7.09’ ft. • Maximum Sheet Metal Thickness: Steel – (400N/mm2) 2.0 mm • Maximum Sheet Metal Thickness: Stainless Steel – 1.5 mm • Maximum Sheet Metal Thickness: Aluminum – 3.0 mm • Maximum Development Sheet Width: 1500 mm/ 4.92’ ft. • Maximum Four-Sided Fold Height Max: 203 mm • Bending Blade Reach: 180 ° Degrees Isdpfx Ajrxt Axjmieib • Machine Width: 5500 mm approx./ 18.04’ ft. approx. • Machine Length: 7000 mm approx. / 22.97’ ft. approx. • Machine Height: 2500 mm/ 8.20’ ft. Power: 18 kW Frequency: 50hZ Pressure: 6 Bar Weight: 21,000 kg/ 46,297 lbs. approx.

Condition: new, material width 1015 mm Iiodpfx Amjupxdkjiob material thickness 1 mm speed von Hand weight 240 Kg dimensions 1420 x 600 x 750 m

Condition: used, AUTOMATIC SHEET METAL BLANKING AND BENDING LINE – USED – CE CERTIFIED Brand: CIMSA – Made in Italy Material Specifications • Material: Fe P01 – galvanized – pre-painted • Thickness: 0.6 – 2 mm Ijdpfxsxv Th Re Amijib • Maximum dimensions: 1000 x 2000 mm Line Dimensions • Total length: 25 meters + robot • Maximum width: 6.8 meters Line Composition • Motorized decoiler model SMC 100 • Straightening unit model CR 1000 • Electronic feeder model AP3 1000 • Punching unit consisting of 13 cylinders and 18 punching groups controlled by CNC • Tool change device • Press 60 tons, width 1000 mm, 50 kW, complete with: - die insertion trolley - sheet metal support - scrap evacuation conveyor belt • Blade change system on the shearing station • Platform with piece translation and tilting system • Transfer station adjustable in width by handwheel • Flipping device for piece turnover • Longitudinal positive/negative bending station • End positive/negative bending station Automation: ABB robot for automatic piece unloading

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, laser type: fiber laser, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, Laser power: 3KW, 6KW, 12KW Standard hardware: waste car, fully automatic butter injection, dual-control workbench, adaptive multi-angle site placement, beam light curtain Optional hardware: fire bricks, high-pressure proportional valve (standard for 6KW and above), safety door lock, Independent laser cabinet, rear exchange table light curtain, rear lifting light barrier, Rear camera, internal camera, monitoring display, radiation-proof glass, upper cover fan, upper cover, partition dust removal Iiodpfjwz Ukyex Amijb

Condition: used, Pneumatic cylinder, air cylinder, pneumatic stamp, compact cylinder Iedpfx Aem Hd Rzjmioib -Manufacturer: Metal Work, compact cylinder tray sealing machine Inauen VC999/ TS 1200 N -Type: 121AA20160ZP -Stroke: 160mm -Piston: Ø 120 mm -Piston rod: Ø 32 mm / M27 x 2 -Dimensions: 445/135/H135 mm -Weight: 9.6kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1998, operating hours: 4,624 h, control type: CNC control, sheet thickness steel (max.): 2 mm, year of last overhaul: 2012, In 2012, Salvagnini carried out a complete overhaul! TECHNICAL DETAILS Maximum feed-in length: 1,850 mm Maximum feed-in width: 1,500 mm Minimum length: 285 mm Minimum width: 190 mm Maximum diagonal: 2,150 mm Maximum discharge width: 1,500 mm Maximum reference dimension: 2,000 mm Minimum sheet thickness: 0.50 mm Maximum sheet thickness, mild steel (max. 410 N/mm²): 2.00 mm Maximum sheet thickness, stainless steel (max. 600 N/mm²): 1.25 mm Processing of pre-painted material: 3.00 mm Maximum tool length for CLA option: 1,000 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control type: CNC control Operating hours: 4,625 h EQUIPMENT LS Upper bending blade Ijdpfoy Ey Ixsx Amioib LI Lower bending blade Manual sheet holder length adjustment CLA Long tab bending unit HP12015 R81 Cooling unit

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2006, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: semi-automatic, actuation type: hydraulic, controller manufacturer: Schroder, controller model: POS 2000, working width: 3,200 mm, folding beam adjustment: 300 mm, installation height: 1,737 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 3 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 2 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 3 mm, back gauge adjustment: CNC-controlled, overall weight: 4,380 kg, total length: 4,568 mm, total width: 2,450 mm, total height: 1,737 mm, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: CE marking, emergency stop, foot remote control, 2006 Schröder SPB 3200 x 3.0 CNC Folder – POS2000 Control – Very Good Condition Machine Manufacturer: Schroder Machine Model: SPB 3200 x 3.0 CNC Folder Machine Type: CNC Sheet Metal Folder Iisdpfsyakn Rjx Amijb Year: 2006 Condition: Very good High-Quality Used CNC Sheet Metal Folder for Sale in Ireland Used Machine Tools Ireland is pleased to offer this 2006 Schröder SPB 3200/3.0 CNC Folder, a high-precision universal sheet metal folding machine from one of Europe’s most respected manufacturers. This machine is in very good condition and is fully equipped with sharp tooling, box & pan tooling, and extra bending rails, making it ideal for both standard and complex folding applications. The control screen has been upgraded to a larger display, improving visibility, usability, and operator comfort. Key Features & Benefits Schröder SPB 3200/3.0 CNC Folder 3200 mm working length 3.0 mm mild steel capacity Schröder POS2000 CNC control Upgraded large control screen Includes extensive tooling package Rear roller support table fitted Heavy-duty industrial build Excellent accuracy & repeatability Ideal for fabrication, HVAC, cladding & precision sheet metal work Included Tooling & Equipment Rear Roller Support Table Box & Pan Folding Tooling Sharp Sheet Metal Folding Tool Extra Bending Bars / Rails This tooling package allows for maximum flexibility, from straight folds to boxes, pans, trays, and complex profiles. Technical Specifications – Schröder SPB 3200/3.0Machine Type: Universal CNC Sheet Metal Folder Year: 2006 Control: Schröder POS2000 Condition: Very Good Capacity Usable working length: 3200 mm Maximum sheet thickness: 3.0 mm Beam & Adjustment Upper beam daylight: 300 mm Vertical adjustment of bending beam: 300 mm Drive & Power Upper beam drive: 4.4 kW Bending beam drive: 4.4 kW Nominal power: 9 kVA Pneumatics: 6 bar Machine Dimensions Machine length: 4568 mm Machine width: 2450 mm Machine height: 1737 mm Machine weight: 4380 kg Ideal Applications Sheet metal fabrication HVAC ducting & panels Architectural metal & cladding Enclosures, trays & cabinets General engineering & contract folding Why Buy From Used Machine Tools Ireland? Trusted Irish supplier of quality used CNC machinery Machines inspected & honestly described Nationwide & export delivery available Competitive pricing Notes: *Specifications are given in good faith but not guaranteed*

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1996, Used 3 meter CNC folding machine from RAS Model: 61.31 Isdoy R N Tbopfx Amijib Capacity: 3150 x 1.5 mm CNC backgauge 4000 CNC control

Condition: used, F J Edwards Ltd Sheet Metal Bender, Max Material Width 1850mm, Cast Iron Construction Ijdpey H Ifnsfx Amisib Location: These lots are located in High Wycombe, UK. Unfortunately there are no loading facilities on-site, dismantling and loading will be at the cost of the purchaser.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, Large working width: 1020 mm For sheet metal (with a tensile strength of 40 kg): up to 2 mm Small bending width: 10 x s Small inner radius: 1.5 - 2 x s Opening width of the upper die: 190 mm Highest working point of the upper die: 120 mm Lowering distance of the lower die: 60 mm Ijdpfx Amey S Abusijib Small box profile (W x H): 165 x 125 mm Space requirement (W x D): 1700 x 550 mm Height with raised counterweight: 1650 mm Weight: 560 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 30 h, Panel benders (also known as swing bending machines or folding machines for sheet metal) are used across various industries where precise, automated bending of sheet metal components is required. The main sectors include: 🏭 Metalworking & Sheet Metal Processing Contract manufacturers / Sheet metal processing companies Series and single-part production Enclosures, housings, cassettes, boxes 🚗 Automotive Industry & Suppliers Structural and body components Iijdpfx Ameyb Hu Neisb Brackets, covers, interior components Especially suited for mass production requiring consistent repeatability ⚡ Electrical Engineering & Electronics Switchgear and distributor manufacturing Enclosures for controls, servers, industrial electronics Very common use due to numerous 90° bends and complex contours ❄️ Household Appliances & White Goods Washing machines, refrigerators, ovens Internal frames, covers, claddings 🏗️ Construction Industry & Architecture Facade elements Roof and wall claddings Metal panels, cassettes 🚆 Transport & Public Transit Rail vehicles, buses, commercial vehicles Interior claddings, technical housings 🛠️ Mechanical & Plant Engineering Machine frames Protective claddings Switchgear enclosures 🌬️ HVAC / Air Conditioning Technology Ventilation ducts HVAC unit enclosures Air distribution systems 🏥 Medical Technology Equipment enclosures Stainless steel claddings High requirements for precision & surface finish Why Panel Benders in these sectors? ✔ High degree of automation ✔ Excellent repeat accuracy ✔ Ideal for complex bent parts ✔ Gentle processing of painted or coated sheets ✔ Fast processing for small to medium batch sizes

Condition: used, CNC press brake FASTI type 904-125/30 serial no. 95-904-5775 year of construction 1995 Pressure capacity 125 ton. Working length 3050 mm Stroke approx. 335 mm Stand projection 300 mm Clearance between the side uprights 2550 mm Tool installation height max. 465 mm (opening width between the tool holders) Table width 90 mm (the clamping system is mounted on the table) Table height above floor 875 mm (910 mm with clamping system) Backgauge X-axis 500 mm Backgauge R-axis 115 mm Backgauge Z-axis approx. 1950 mm Lowering speed Y rapid traverse 90 mm/s Lowering speed Y-operation 8.9 mm/s Return stroke speed Y-retraction 75 mm/s Oil filling approx. 160 liters Iijdpfxjhmmfkj Amieb Motor power 18.5 kW Mains connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 20 Amp. - 7-axis CNC control DELEM type DA 58 with LCD screen - 1 axis for back gauge - stop depth (X-axis) - 2 axes for back gauge - fence height (finger R1 + finger R2) - 2 axes for back gauge - stop finger, laterally movable (finger Z1 + finger Z2) - 2 axes for press beam with servo valves and measuring system Y1 and Y2 - Operation via electric foot switch and 2-hand control panel or 2-hand control panel only - Hydraulic tool clamping for the TRUMPF upper tool system, with 20 mm clamping groove - Hydraulic tool clamping for the lower tool with 13 mm table groove, depth 21 mm (tool pin 13 x 20 mm) - FIESSLER safety light barrier, type AKAS - 2 material support arms at the front, manually movable to the side and height-adjustable - Electrical diagram, hydraulic diagram, user manual for control available - Control cabinet on the machine - without tools Space requirement L x W x H 5000 x 2500 x 3050 mm Transport dimensions L x W x H 5200 x 1900 x 2950 mm Weight 8.5 tons. Good condition

Condition: used, Strip Processing Line - Decoiler and Straightening Machine Year of manufacture: 1991 Strip width: 50 to 450 mm Sheet thickness with straightener inactive: 6 mm Sheet thickness with straightener active: 2 mm - Excellent equipment and feed-in aids Required floor space for the complete line (L x W): approx. 7000 x 3000 mm Iisdpjif Sg Sefx Amieb Total weight of the system: approx. 11 tons Good condition Straightening Machine HMS Type RS 47-04/1, Machine No. Strip width, nominal: 400 mm Strip width, max. pass-through: max. 455 mm Strip thickness at 400 mm width: max. 1.5 mm (steel) Strip thickness at 400 mm width: max. 2 mm (copper) Speed: max. 40 m/min Number of straightening rollers: 7 pcs Straightening roller diameter: Ø 40 mm Number of pinch rollers: 2 pcs Pinch roller diameter: Ø 80 mm Entry height, pass height: 1500 mm - Straightening rollers hardened, ground, and hard-chromed, with central support - Pinch rollers hardened, ground, and hard-chromed, with hydraulic disengagement - Manual straightening roller gap adjust - Feed-in aid with hydraulically extendable tongue and hydraulically adjustable deflection roller - Adjustable side strip guide - All straightening rollers driven via distribution gearbox with cardan shafts - Both pinch rollers driven via gearbox with cardan shafts - Frequency-controlled drive via geared motors - Straightening machine opening stroke 250 mm for cleaning or processing thicker material, stroke movement via trapezoidal thread spindle - Ultrasonic loop control Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 3600 x 2200 x 2200 mm Nett weight: approx. 4 tons Decoiler HMS Type BA 1.5-06/80, Machine No. Coil weight: max. 8000 kg Coil outside diameter: max. 1600 mm (with coil car) Coil outside diameter: max. 2000 mm (without coil car) Coil turntable diameter: Ø 1700 mm Coil inside diameter, expanding range: 460-520 mm Coil width, nominal: max. 630 mm Spreader jaw width: 750 mm Height of the decoiler drum above base plate: 1500 mm - Decoiler drum driven by hydraulic motor and gear - Pneumatic run-on brake on decoiler drum, TWINFLEX - Hydraulic expansion of the decoiler drum, centrally via wedge slider system - Hydraulic hold-down arm with hydraulically driven double pendulum roller - Coil car with 12 tons lifting force and 300 mm stroke - Decoiler frame above floor with motorized cross travel drive Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 3500 x 1900 x 2500 mm Nett weight: approx. 5 tons Central hydraulic unit, adjacent Tank capacity: 350 liters Motor power: 18.5 kW - Drive motor with 2 REXROTH pumps (tandem pump) - Oil cooler as air heat exchanger with fan motor Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 1600 x 850 x 1450 mm Nett weight: approx. 800 kg Electrical cabinet, adjacent - All cable connections via Harting connectors Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 2800 x 500 x 2250 mm Nett weight: approx. 800 kg

Condition: used, Hydr. swing cut guillotine shears HERA type HSS III No. 598 Year of manufacture 1986 Cutting length 3100 mm Cutting thickness 3 mm Stand projection 200 mm Blade strokes 25 strokes/min. Mains connection 380 Volt, 50 Hz Ijdpfoq A I Upjx Amisib Motor power 3 kW - Motorized adjustable backgauge 1070 mm - Actual value digital display for the backgauge - Cutting gap adjustment - Cutting length adjustment - Front side stop left 1000 mm - 4 sheet metal support arms 1000 mm - el. foot switch Space requirement without sheet support arms L x W x H 3630 x 2200 x 1600 mm Weight approx. 4000 kg good condition

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Details - Promecam RG103 Specifications Press force: 100 t Bending length: 3000 mm Distance between uprights: 2600 mm Throat depth: 400 mm Ijdpfjy Hf Utex Amioib Vertical stroke: 100 mm Working speed: 9 mm/s Number of axes on the backgauge: Motor power: 8.8 kW ----- Dimensions (L x W x H): 3050.0 × 1650.0 × 2100.0 mm Weight: 5500 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, working width: 950 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 120 mm, working height: 120 mm, control type: CNC control, Equipment: CE marking, TECHNICAL DETAILS Station 1: Sanding belt Station 2: Rotary brush Station 3: Rotary brush Min. sheet thickness: 0.5 mm Max. sheet thickness: 120 mm Working width: 950 mm Working height: 0.5-120 mm Iodpfsy Hhp Tex Amieib MACHINE DETAILS Power: 39 kW Control: CNC Number of stations: 3 Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,940 x 1,980 x 2,010 mm Net weight: 7,000 kg Transport packages: 4 EQUIPMENT CE marking

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1988, Hydraulic Swing Bending Machine Make: RAS Model: 74.30, 3200 x 4mm Year: 1988 Technical Data Brand: RAS Year of manufacture: 1988 Model: 74.30 Working length: 3200 mm Capacity: 4 mm Stroke: 400 mm Motor power: 7.5 kW Dimensions: approx. L 4.5 x W 2.0 x H 2.50 m Weight: approx. 5.8 t Iedpfjy Nx Ixex Amioib Equipment • CNC-controlled backgauge 1500 mm • Multibend 8000 control system • Motorized adjustment of the bending beam • Foot switch • Tools: - 3 sharp rails - 2 bending rails, 15mm and 30mm All data provided without guarantee. A demonstration is possible at any time in our showroom.

Condition: used, Wide belt sander used Make:TimeSaver Series WRB Machine-No. 2480-19 Dry processing deburring/rounding machine machine with contact rollers and a rotating brush unit Max. Working width 1350 mm Sanding belt dimensions WxL 1350x1900 mm Outer brush diameter 530x350 mm Table opening 0.8-100 mm Min. part size 50x50 mm Brush speed 6-17 m/sec. Sanding belt speed 11 m/sec Feed speed 0.2-8 mm Power consumption W 1 unit - 11.0 kW RB unit 1.5 kW Brushes 4x1.5 kW Connection: 400 V 50 Hz Compressed air required 6 bar Total consumption 25 ltr/min. incl. ceramic brush set R plus 350x530 mm and zirconium brush set grain 180 Machine has been completely overhauled New transport mat installed Area of application: Sanding belt rolling unit W: Pre-deburring with sanding belt or Scotch- Bride belt Removal of raised burrs Apply a sanding finish or brush finish, Repair a sanding finish or brush finish RB unit: Deburring and rounding of flat and profiled and profiled parts Iiodpfjudb R Isx Amieb Weight: 6200 kg

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, working width: 1,060 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 150 mm, total length: 2,640 mm, total width: 1,905 mm, total height: 2,090 mm, overall weight: 3,200 kg, table width: 1,060 mm, workpiece height (max.): 150 mm, power: 25.2 kW (34.26 HP), input current: 52 A, The budget-friendly entry-level model, yet equipped with all necessary functionalities. With a working width of up to 1060 mm, the machine combines deburring, edge rounding, and removal of laser oxide in a single pass. • Table width 1060 mm • Maximum workpiece height 150 mm • Deburring and edge rounding in one pass • Abrasive belt • 2 x 2 top brushes Iedsy Icrrspfx Amisib • Pressure rollers before and after each unit Operator-friendly control via touchscreen. Ex-showroom machine!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, Lissmac SBM-GS The grinding and deburring machine is suitable for double-sided processing of workpieces made of steel. Sheet metal parts, punched parts, and laser-cut parts can be processed optionally on the top, bottom, or both sides in a single pass. The machine is supplied complete with extraction unit. Iodpfxjwwgwkj Amijib Working width: 1000 mm Workpiece thickness - max.: 0.5 - 80 mm Abrasive belt width: 60 mm Machine weight: 4027 kg Dimensions (W/D/H): 3260 / 1500 / 1800 mm Voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Network configuration: 3~ PEN / 3~ PE+N Rated current: 110 A Rated power: 49.9 kW Protection class: IP 42 Feed rate stepless: 0-4 m/min

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, Semi-automatic can seamer for round cans. Stainless steel version. Can diameter: 42–163 mm, height: 26–300 mm, material thickness: 0.35 mm. Currently equipped for 99 mm. Iedpfsxn Nqlex Amioib

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1995, Folding machine with up to 2500 mm working length, maximum material thickness up to 1.5 mm. Iodjy Rhtyepfx Amioib

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 10 h, control type: CNC control, We are offering a near-new ERBEND D-SFA 4230 CNC folding machine on behalf of one of our customers. This machine has less than 10 operating hours and is in absolute mint condition. A unique opportunity to acquire a high-end CNC folding machine without long lead times. Technical Specifications: This servo-driven folding machine is built for precision, speed, and flexibility: Working length: 4200 mm Capacity steel (S235): 3 mm Capacity stainless steel: 2 mm Capacity aluminium: 4 mm Machine dimensions: 2200 x 6100 x 2300 mm Machine weight: 11,800 kg Positioning accuracy: ± 0.1 mm Thanks to the servo drives and ball screw system, the machine guarantees high precision and reliability. Configuration & Equipment This machine is fully equipped and ready for immediate production: CNC control (Erfold 3D) with full 2D/3D programming and simulation Double bending system (upward and downward bending for higher productivity) U-type back gauge (4200 mm) with pneumatic fingers Integrated suction cups for stable sheet positioning Complete segmented tooling set (top & bottom) 200 mm high upper tooling with pneumatic clamping Motorized CNC axis adjustments (A-B-D axes) Manual crowning system for optimal bending results Foot pedal with 3 functions + safety light guards Additionally equipped with motorized clamping beam and folding beam, ensuring fast and accurate processing Condition Less than 10 operating hours Fully operational and available for inspection under power No wear – in like-new condition Available immediately Applications / Industries Ijdpfx Amjy Idp Ejisib This folding machine is ideal for: Sheet metal fabrication companies Roofing and façade cladding HVAC production Machinery and construction industry Interior and custom metalwork Both single-piece production and serial manufacturing The double bending capability combined with 3D CNC control makes it highly suitable for complex parts as well as efficient batch production. Why this machine? Like-new condition at a significant cost advantage No delivery time Fully equipped and production-ready Large working length (4200 mm) Proven ERBEND quality Interested or want to schedule a viewing? Contact us for more information or to see the machine in operation.