Used Metal Technics Polska Universal Lathe 360 × 1000 Mm for sale (100,440)

Condition: new, Center length ----- 1000 mm Center height ----- 180 mm Turning diameter ----- 360 mm Passage of main spindle ----- 38 mm Bed width ----- 203 mm Spindle speed ----- 45-1800 rpm Motor ----- 2.4 KW Weight ----- 880 kg Bljdpfjq E Iyzox Aa Ijn INCLUDING * 3-axis digital readout brand SINO * Quick-change chisel holder type Multifix TOOE5 with 4 scoops * 3 chuck 200 mm * 4 chuck 200 mm * chuck 250 mm * LED work light and cooling system * Fixed and moving guards * Foot brake (CE) * Electric brake (CE)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Universal Metal Lathe CORMAK 500 × 1500YC The CORMAK 500 × 1500YC universal metal lathe is a high-performance machine designed for precise and efficient machining of cylindrical components. Its robust construction, advanced mechanical components, and extensive standard equipment make it an excellent choice for production facilities, tool rooms, and maintenance departments. Main Advantages of the Machine Maximum turning diameter over bed: 500 mm – enables machining of a wide range of workpieces. Large spindle bore: 105 mm – allows machining of long shafts, pipes, and large-diameter components. Removable bed gap section – enables turning of components with diameters up to 710 mm. Main motor power 7.5/9 kW – provides constant power even under heavy machining loads. 3-axis digital readout system (DRO) – improves machining accuracy and reduces the risk of positioning errors. Blsdpji Apqlofx Aa Ijn Rapid feed system – accelerates longitudinal and cross-slide movements (4.5 m/min and 1.9 m/min). Hardened and ground spindle gears – ensure long service life and stable operation. Wide range of threads without changing gears – supports metric, imperial, module, and DP threading. Complete tooling package included – 7-piece 25 × 25 mm turning tool set and MT5 center, allowing immediate machine operation. Construction and Technology The 500 × 1500YC model is built on a heavy-duty cast iron bed with a width of 400 mm, which is induction hardened and precisely ground. This design provides excellent vibration damping, high rigidity, and resistance to twisting forces. The spindle assembly is mounted on high-quality ball bearings, ensuring smooth and stable operation even at high rotational speeds. The machine is operated through an ergonomic control panel that allows convenient adjustment of spindle speeds and feed parameters. Precision and Machining Performance The integrated 3-axis digital position readout (DRO) provides the operator with full control over machining operations. Automatic feeds and threading functions are controlled through the lead screw and feed shaft system, while the mechanical threading dial allows quick and accurate return to the starting position. Standard Equipment 3-axis digital readout system 3-jaw chuck, 315 mm 4-jaw independent chuck, 400 mm Fixed and follow steady rests Fixed center MT5 and reducing sleeve Coolant system Work lighting Operating keys and tools CE-compliant safety guards Technical Specifications Maximum turning diameter over bed 500 mm Maximum turning diameter over cross slide 300 mm Maximum turning diameter in bed gap 710 mm Bed gap length 240 mm Distance between centers 1500 mm Bed type Induction hardened Bed width 400 mm Chuck diameter 315 mm Spindle bore diameter 105 mm Spindle nose D1-8 CAMLOCK Spindle taper MT6 Spindle speed range 36–1600 RPM (12 speeds) Maximum tool size 25 × 25 mm Longitudinal feed range 0.063–2.52 mm/rev Cross feed range 0.027–1.07 mm/rev Metric threads 1–14 mm (22 types) Imperial threads 28–2 TPI (25 types) Module threads 0.5–7 mm (18 types) DP threads 56–4 DP (24 types) Rapid longitudinal feed 4.5 m/min Rapid cross feed 1.9 m/min Tailstock quill diameter 75 mm Tailstock quill travel 150 mm Tailstock taper MT5 Digital readout 3 axes Main motor power S1/S6 7.5 / 9 kW Coolant pump power S1/S6 40 / 48 W Machine dimensions 3132 × 975 × 1270 mm Machine weight approx. 3300 kg (±2%)

Condition: good (used), Technical data for the shelf connector: Shelf system: Stow Type: Pal Rack NS Included in delivery are: 01x shelf connector, used for shelf distance: 360 mm total length: 360 mm cross section: U 35x25 mm material thickness: ca. 2,00 mm material color: sendzimir galvanized Drill hole diameter: 11 mm Weight: 0,480 kg | pcs. 02x screws M10 x 35 mm 02x nuts M10 General information about the article: Bjdpsmqldkofx Aa Ijln This article is only offered for pickup. A desired transport or shipment of this article is associated with additional costs, which can be requested separately depending on the delivery location or scope of delivery with us.

Condition: used, Precision Lathe BOLEY Type 4 LE Conventional High-Precision Universal Multi-Function Machine Tool Serial No. 42562 Centre Distance 500 mm Swing over bed 240 mm Centre height over bed 120 mm Swing over cross slide 140 mm Centre height over cross slide 70 mm Spindle bore 23 mm Bedew Dvv Aspfx Aa Ioln Chuck mounting M40 x 3.5 mm external thread Tailstock taper MK 2 Quill stroke / travel 80 mm Spindle speed 30 - 1300 rpm Drive power 1.1 kW Power supply 400 V, 50 Hz - 3-axis digital readout RSF ELECTRONIC, Type Z503ST-220 - Position display HEIDENHAIN, Type VRZ 136B for rotary encoder - LCD display unit for measuring equipment on accessories - Spindle speed adjustable via 2 V-belt stages, 2 gear stages, and infinitely variable via variator belt drive - Longitudinal feed via change gears + set of change gears - Several 3-jaw and 4-jaw chucks Ø 100, 125, and 140 mm with chuck jaws - MULTIFIX quick-change tool post size A with 8 exchangeable tool holders - Vertical slide with clamp - Several clamps and vices - Clamping plates + fixture tables - Indexing table as dividing attachment - Dividing head with collets and tailstock - Heavy dividing attachment with clamping plate and handwheel drive - WOHLHAUPTER spindle tools and milling cutters + collets - Rapid-traverse spindle with pneumatic drive - Milling slide with collet chuck - External cylindrical grinding attachment - Live centre - Steady rest - VOGEL central oil lubrication - Built-in mini compressor (3.5 bar) in machine base - Compressed air maintenance unit for tooling - Operating manual - Machine mounted on steel plate (steel plate 1200 x 540 x 20 mm) Required space (L x W x H) 1650 x 950 x 1750 mm Weight lathe 660 kg (with steel plate) Weight of accessories 325 kg Very good condition

Condition: used, Elmag metal lathe, good condition, approx. 1500 mm center distance, approx. 3000 kg Prices subject to change, errors, printing and typesetting errors reserved Bledpfx Aovrvmfsa Ijn

Condition: used, Metal lathe Mammut CD6250B, good condition, year of manufacture 2006, standard equipment, 6 kW, 1500 mm center distance, 250 mm center height, 2000 kg Bledpfx Aaovrvl Uo Ijn Prices subject to change, errors, printing and typesetting errors reserved

Condition: good (used), Technical data for pallet rack beam: Racking system: Metall Sistem Type: Unipal Bljdpfx Aaoxb Tp Ej Isn Scope of delivery includes: 01x pallet rack beam, used Material color: yellow Box profile: 140 x 45 mm Clear width: 1,800 mm Your contacts in our company: Mr. Andre Evering Mr. Mario Klöver Mr. Falk Deutsch General information about the item: This item is offered for collection only. Any additional transport or shipment of this item will incur extra costs, which can be quoted separately depending on the place of delivery or scope of delivery.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, spindle bore: 120 mm, turning diameter: 1,750 mm, turning diameter over bed slide: 1,750 mm, turning diameter over top slide: 1,420 mm, turning length: 8,000 mm, total length: 12,500 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, total height: 2,300 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 15,000 kg, spindle mount: MK 6, The PORĘBA TR-175B2/8M universal lathe has been comprehensively rebuilt and modernized, has technical parameters in accordance with the technical and operational documentation DTR of a new machine, WOT technical acceptance conditions and the Polish Standard and also meets EU requirements. The machine is covered by a full 12-month warranty on spare parts and electrical components. Availability: within 3,5 months, starting from the order Technical specifications: - distance between centers/turning length: 8000 mm - turning diameter over bed: 1750 mm - turning diameter over support: 1420 mm - turning diameter in bridge recess: 2080 mm - spindle bore diameter: 120 mm - maximum workpiece weight between centers: 9,000 kg - maximum workpiece weight between centers + 1 steady: 12,000 kg - maximum workpiece weight between centers + 2 steadies: 15,000 kg - number of spindle speeds: 21 - range of rotational speeds (rpm): 5 - 630 - number of feeds: 80 - range of feeds (mm/rev): longitudinal: 0.07 - 10 transverse: 0.035 – 5 Blsdpfxey N Sanj Aa Ion for upper drawer: 0.017 – 2,5 - engine power [kW]: 27/41 (1st gear / 2nd gear) - overall dimensions: total length: 10500 mm width: 2130 mm height: 2300 mm total weight: 19700 kg Standard equipment: tailstock, coolant pump, tool post, chuck cover Additional equipment available at extra charge: - 3- or 4-jaw chucks, various diameters and variants - Digital readout on 2 axes with assembly and calibration - Steady rest, 40-400 mm, with rollers - Steady rest, 400-700 mm, with rollers - Steady rest, 450-900 mm, with rollers - MULTIFIX quick change tool post

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, MAZAK QUICK TURN SMART 250ML 1000U Max. turning diameter: 360 mm Max. machining length: 1,024 mm Max. milling speed: 4,500 rpm Max. spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 80 mm Machine is equipped with: - CNC control: Mazatrol Smart - KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck BB-210, diameter 254 mm - Tool Eye - C-axis - Interface for bar loader magazine - Automatic parts catcher - NC tailstock - Reinforced coolant pump Bljdpfozy Um Ajx Aa Isn - Chip conveyor, discharge to the side - 8 pcs. fixed tool holders - 2 pcs. driven tool holders

Year of construction: 2006, condition: excellent (used), Splash guard Diameter 360 mm Inner diameter 115 mm Bodpfxsfat Uxj Aa Ioln Age estimated.

Condition: good (used), Three-roll bending machine, three-roll sheet metal bending machine, bending machine, sheet metal bending machine, 3-roll bending machine, profile bending machine, three-roll sheet metal rolling machine, manual bending machine -Manufacturer: Carl Kneusel, 3-roll bending machine, hand-operated -Max. sheet width: 1020 mm -Max. sheet thickness: mm -Roller diameter: 55 mm -Dimensions: 1670/580/H1150 mm -Weight: 156 kg Bedpfx Asz A S Srea Ieln

Condition: used, Cast iron clamping cube 2 faces Length: 1000 mm Height: 600 mm Depth: 800 mm T-slots dimensions: 38 x 22 mm Weight: approx 600 kg Bodpjzwxh Sofx Aa Ioln

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, spindle bore: 120 mm, turning diameter: 1,350 mm, turning diameter over bed slide: 1,350 mm, turning diameter over top slide: 1,000 mm, turning length: 5,000 mm, total length: 7,500 mm, total width: 2,130 mm, total height: 1,550 mm, rotational speed (max.): 630 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 5 rpm, workpiece weight (max.): 11,000 kg, spindle mount: MK 6, The PORĘBA TR-135B1/5M universal lathe has been comprehensively rebuilt and modernized and has technical parameters in accordance with the technical and operational documentation DTR of a new machine, WOT technical acceptance conditions and the Polish Standard and also meets EU requirements. The machine is covered by a full 12-month warranty on spare parts and electrical components. Bledpeva Elasfx Aa Ijn Availability: 3,5 months, starting from the order Technical data: - distance between centers/turning length: 5000 mm - turning diameter over bed: 1350 mm - turning diameter over support: 1000 mm - turning diameter in bridge recess: 1650 mm - spindle bore diameter: 120 mm - Power feed on compound slide for machining tapers, conical parts, 1°- 90°, up to 450 mm - maximum workpiece weight between centers: 8,000 kg - maximum workpiece weight between centers + 1 steady: 10,000 kg - maximum workpiece weight between centers + 2 steadies: 11,000 kg - number of spindle speeds: 21 - range of rotational speeds (rpm): 5 - 630 - number of feeds: 80 - range of feeds (mm/rev): longitudinal: 0.07 - 10 transverse: 0.035 – 5 for upper drawer: 0.017 – 2,5 - engine power [kW]: 22/41 (1st gear / 2nd gear) - overall dimensions: total length: 7500 mm width: 2130 mm height: 1550 mm total weight: 13200 kg Standard equipment: tailstock, coolant pump, tool post, chuck cover, chip tanks Additional equipment available for price upgrade: - 3- or 4-jaw chucks, various diameters and variants - Digital readout on 2 axes with assembly and calibration - Steady rest, 40-400 mm, with rollers - Steady rest, 400-700 mm, with rollers - Steady rest, 450-900 mm, with rollers - MULTIFIX quick change tool post

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1993, functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt length: 2,730 mm, conveyor belt width: 360 mm, conveyor belt speed: 50 mm/s, total length: 2,730 mm, total width: 490 mm, total height: 1,620 mm, power: 0.762 kW (1.04 HP), motor manufacturer: BONFIGLIOLI, Equipment: type plate available, TAF item number: 1000004806 Manufacturer: trio-technik Year of manufacture: 1993 Overall dimensions: 2,730 x 490 x 1,620 mm (LxWxH) Width including side panel: 490 mm Width including drive: 490 mm Side panel height: 80 mm Total conveyor length: approx. 2,820 mm Conveyor length, horizontal: approx. 820 mm Conveyor length, vertical: approx. 2,000 mm Conveyor width: 360 mm Bsdpfx Aaswgmrms Ieln Belt type: PVC, cleated belt Belt width: 400 mm Cleats: H = 20 mm, cleat spacing = 400 mm Substructure: mobile, height-adjustable, max: 1,620 mm | min: 1,250 mm Drive: chain drive Motor: gear motor Motor data: 0.762 kW Conveyor speed: 0.05 m/s, constant Net weight: 82 kg Special features: incl. ON/OFF switch Condition: Used / fully functional Function test: OK

Condition: good (used), Clamping bracket, T-slot plate, clamping table, clamping cube, clamping plate, clamping tower, clamping box -Clamping cube: Angle adjustable 90° -Groove width: 28 mm -Groove spacing: 150 mm -Dimensions: see photos / technical drawing -Dimensions: 1000/800/H630 mm -Weight: 871 kg Blodpfx Asxun Atoa Isn

Condition: new, turning diameter over bed 360 mm turning diameter over slide rest 220 mm turning length 1000 mm turning diameter in the gap 380 mm turning speeds 70 - 2000 U/min centre height 180 mm spindle bore 50 mm tailstock quill taper MT 3 MK connected load frequency 230 oder 400 V total power requirement 1,8 kW weight of the machine ca. 0.65 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2,0 x 0,8 x 1,56 m Professional industrial machine 3-axis digital display 3-jaw chuck 180 mm. 4-jaw chuck 200 mm. Faceplate 280mm Bezel fixed Bezel rotating 4-fold steel holder. Halogen machine light Machine light Foot brake removable chip tray, chip protection wall Bljdpfx Aoupxucsa Ijn Hardened and ground bed rails Complete coolant system Feed protection Machine tools

Condition: excellent (used), Weiler lathe, center distance 450 mm - Weiler model not clearly identifiable. No nameplate present. - Center height: 125 mm - Center distance: 450 mm - Spindle bore: 23 mm - All speeds function correctly? Yes! - Feeds function correctly? Yes, manually! - Not designed for thread cutting - Minimal play is present, which is completely normal for its age. ----- Condition of the item: Blodpfsz E U T Djx Aa Ien Good used condition. Internal number: 26.565 and 26.566 2 units available. Price per unit.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, load capacity: 2,000 kg, lifting height: 1,600 mm, load center: 600 mm, mast type: simplex, fork length: 1,150 mm, tire condition: 100 %, front tire type: polyurethane tires (non-marking), overall weight: 250 kg, empty load weight: 250 kg, total height: 2,030 mm, total length: 1,642 mm, total width: 740 mm, color: yellow, Equipment: pallet forks, A mast trolley with a lifting capacity of 2000 kg is a versatile device used for unloading delivery vehicles as well as for work in warehouses and shops. Its solid construction ensures long service life, while the polyurethane wheels provide quiet and trouble-free operation. Technical Specifications Load capacity: 2000 kg Lifting range: 85–1600 mm Fork length: 1150 mm Mast type: single mast Overall height: 2030 mm Height with forks raised: 2030 mm Overall length: 1642 mm Fork outer width: 550 mm Overall width: 740 mm Net weight: 250 kg Number of wheels (front/rear): 2 / 2 Wheel and roller material: polyurethane Steering wheel dimensions: 180 × 50 mm Roller dimensions: 75 × 70 mm Load center: 600 mm Fork width: 160 mm Fork height: 60 mm Bledpfx Asytcmroa Ion Fork inner width: 390 mm Adjustable fork spacing: Yes Delivery to the customer is possible. The delivery cost is determined individually according to the carrier’s quotation. Should you be interested in other machines please visit our website.

Condition: new, Maximum turning height: 230 mm Maximum turning length: 1000 mm Turning diameter over bed: 460 mm Turning diameter without bridge: 690 mm Turning diameter over support: 285 mm Bore diameter: 58 mm Spindle mounting according to DIN 55029: 1 - 6" 12 speeds: 25 - 2000 rpm Travel – Top slide: 128 mm Travel – Cross slide: 285 mm Feed rates (longitudinal): 0.031 - 1.7 mm/rev Feed rates (transverse): 0.014 - 0.784 mm/rev Thread (metric): 0.25 – 3.5 mm Thread (inch): 2 - 112 TPI Thread (diametral): 8 - 144 D.P. Thread (module): 0.25 - 3.5 mm Motor power: 400 V / 50 Hz / 5.5 kW Tailstock: MK 4 Dimensions L x W x H: 2020 x 1080 x 1600 mm Weight: 1680 kg Accessories / Special features: Blodpfx Aajk Dn Nwj Isn • Heavy-duty lead screw and feed screw lathe with extensive standard equipment. Low vibration and smooth running. Includes a solid base and machine bed. • 3-axis digital display • 3-jaw chuck Ø 250 mm • 4-jaw chuck Ø 300 mm • Stationary and traveling steady rest • Multifix size B quick-change tool holder system, mounted, 5-piece • Strong and torsion-resistant construction of the machine base and bed, cast in one piece from vibration-absorbing gray cast iron. • Hardened and ground bed guide rails • Generously sized machine bed • All guides are equipped with adjustable wedge strips • Central lubrication in the bed slide • Right/left rotation switchable on the bed slide • Removable bed bridge for machining large workpieces • Adjustable tailstock for turning tapers • Guaranteed concentricity < 0.015 mm measured in the spindle nose • Enclosed feed gear, gears and shafts are hardened and ground • Clear control panel with solid selector levers for selecting speeds • Oil bath gear system with hardened and ground gear teeth • Handwheels with adjustable fine scale • Main spindle hardened and ground and running in an oil bath, as well as guided by tapered roller bearings • Longitudinal feed, switchable by means of 4 adjustable cam followers • Mechanical foot-operated spindle brake • Lead screw cover • Acceptance test report • Manufactured according to DIN 8606 toolmaker's accuracy • CE compliant Delivery time: immediate, subject to prior sale Year of manufacture: 2023 (unused showroom machine) Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel

Condition: new, Center distance ----- 2000 mm Center height ----- 330 mm Turning diameter ----- 660 mm Main spindle bore ----- 105 mm Bed width ----- 405 mm Spindle speed ----- 36-1600 rpm Motor ----- 7.5 kW HEAVY-DUTY DESIGN - WEIGHT 4080 KG INCLUDES * 3-axis digital readout, brand SINO * Quick-change tool holder, type Multifix TOOC3, with 4 tool holders * 3-jaw chuck, 325 mm * 4-jaw chuck, 400 mm * Faceplate, 630 mm * Fixed and traveling steady rest * LED work light and cooling system * Box with various tools Bledpfega T Acsx Aa Ion

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2015, load capacity: 1,000 kg, lifting height: 5,050 mm, construction height: 2,900 mm, operating hours: 3,183 h, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, Manufacturer + model: JUNGHEINRICH EKS 210 Bjdozq Udvspfx Aa Ijln Mast: Z + S - 2W5050 ID: 25053.2983 Category: Used Mast: 2W Lowered height: 2,900 mm Lifting height: 5,050 mm Capacity: 1,000 kg Platform height: 4,250 mm Picking height: 5,850 mm Initial lift: Yes Cabin width: 1,000 mm Year: 2015 Hours: 3,183 h Battery capacity: 48 V / 465 Ah Options: - Side guidance / Rail guidance

Condition: used, Clamping plate, marking plate, measuring plate, measuring table, straightening plate, marking plate -Manufacturer: Stolle, clamping plate: with support ribs -Length: 2490mm Bedpfx Aasikn R Do Ioln -Width: 1000mm -Plate thickness: 40 mm -Plate: with supporting ribs (without straightening blade, not included) -Transport dimension: 2490/1000/H910 mm -Weight: 1500 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, pressure 100 t Bledpfxoxzuwks Aa Ien chamfer lenght 4100 mm distance between columns 3700 mm column arm 415 mm stroke max. 215 mm dayligth 410 mm ajustment speed 200 mm/sec working feed 10.0 mm/sec return speed 150 mm/sec work height max. 1080 mm table width 100 mm Control CYBELEC oil volume 160 ltr. voltage 400 V power capacity 8.5 kW weight 10200 kg range L-W-H 4800 x 1800 x 2600 mm - in checked conditions - machinevideo - ?v=Phcik_oo4CE Equipment: - BEYELER electro-hydraulic CNC press brake - CNC CYBELEC control unit “DNC 1200 PS/B” * High-resolution screen * Clear, concise menus in the operator's language * Tool and product library * Swiveling control panel, front right - CNC-controlled axes (Y1+Y2-X) - CNC-controlled backgauge adjustment (X-axis) * 2x manually adjustable stop fingers - Manual upper tool clamping - Manual lower tool clamping - Rear safety device (safety door) - Side safety device (safety doors) - Bending tools * 1x set of split upper tools (ROLLERI TOP 175.26.R08) * 1x set of split 1V dies (V 12 mm) - 2x freely movable 2-hand controls - 2x freely movable foot switches - Operating instructions for control system

Condition: ready for operation (used), A conventional universal lathe Bulmak with gap bed (gap-bed lathe) is available. Center height: 210mm, turning diameter over bed/cross slide/in gap: 440mm/230mm/620mm, distance between centers: 1000mm, spindle speed: 2000rpm, bed width: 360mm, travel X/Z: 250mm/130mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3100mm/1300mm/1400mm, weight: approx. 2500kg. The machine is partially defective. On-site inspection is possible. Bledpfx Asycwr Iea Ion

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, CNC Heavy-Duty Lathe POREBA TPK-90N × 2000 mm – SIEMENS CNC We offer a heavy-duty CNC lathe POREBA TPK-90N with a turning length of 2000 mm, equipped with a SIEMENS CNC control. The machine is designed for precise machining of large and heavy workpieces. Its robust construction and massive machine bed, characteristic of POREBA heavy-duty lathes, provide high rigidity during machining. Main technical specifications: Manufacturer: POREBA Model: TPK-90N CNC control: SIEMENS Turning length / distance between centers: 2000 mm Swing over bed: approx. 930 mm Swing over carriage: approx. 630 mm Swing in gap: approx. 1200 mm Spindle bore: approx. 95 mm Max. spindle speed: up to 800 rpm Main motor power: approx. 22 kW Tailstock taper: Morse 6 Main features: Bedpfx Aajz Atg Tj Isln SIEMENS CNC control, heavy and highly rigid machine construction, large swing over bed of approx. 930 mm, 2000 mm turning length, suitable for machining large and heavy workpieces, proven design of POREBA heavy-duty industrial lathes. The machine is located in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Inspection and test run are possible by prior arrangement. METALEX – machine tools since 1979.