Used Zett Mess Coordinate Measuring Machine for sale (67,405)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, type plate available, We are offering this used Keyence VL-500 optical 3D coordinate measuring machine, manufactured in 2020. Manufacturer: Keyence Corporation Model: VL-500 Country of origin: Japan Year of manufacture: 2020 Serial number: CC910026 System consists of: Control unit: VL-500 Base/object table: VL-530 Measuring head: VL-570 Calibration plate Gbedpfx Aijy Uw Dvjvsu Manuals Dongle PC Last calibration performed by the manufacturer in 11/2024. If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: excellent (used), FARO Prime 3D coordinate measuring arm Manufacturer: FARO Technologies Type: Prime Device type: Portable 3D coordinate measuring arm / Portable CMM Date of manufacture: 09/10/2013 Calibration date according to certification: 06/25/2015 Made in Switzerland Mobile 3D measuring arm for industrial metrology, quality assurance, component inspection, reverse engineering, tool and mold making, jig and fixture construction, and production control. Technical data Gbsdpezc Erpjfx Aiveu Measuring range: approx. 1.8 m / 6 ft Axes: 6 Single Point Accuracy: 0.019 mm Volumetric accuracy: ±0.027 mm Repeatability: up to 0.016 mm Revision: 28.1 Bluetooth wireless technology USB interface Integrated battery operation Temperature compensation Portable CMM measuring arm technology Compatible with multiple probe systems Weight measuring arm: approx. 9.3 kg Total weight incl. case and accessories: approx. 35 - 50 kg Equipment / Scope of delivery FARO Prime measuring arm Transport case HP EliteBook laptop Reference sphere / Calibration sphere Base plate / Mounting plate Measuring probes / Probe set Software data carrier USB dongle Operating instructions / Manuals Other accessories as shown in the pictures Condition Used Optical condition as shown in the pictures. Shipping or freight shipping possible. Subject to changes, errors and prior sale. We will gladly answer any further questions by telephone.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 151255, measuring range X-axis: 750 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 500 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 500 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 250 kg, total height: 3,020 mm, type of input current: AC, total width: 2,092 mm, total length: 2,140 mm, overall weight: 4,500 kg, table width: 900 mm, table height: 860 mm, table length: 1,300 mm, travel speed (max.): 520 mm/min, table load: 250 kg, ambient temperature (max.): 40 °C, ambient temperature (min.): 15 °C, maximum load weight: 250 kg, Equipment: type plate available, For sale is a used ZEISS GageMax 7/5/5 Navigator 3D coordinate measuring machine with serial number 156521 and manufactured in 2011. The machine has a measuring range of 750 × 500 × 500 mm and is designed for workpieces up to 250 kg. It is equipped with a ZEISS VAST XT probe system. The measuring volume also includes a multi-probe changer with various probe holders. According to the original auction description, the offered lot includes accessories and computer equipment. The available images show, among other things, a computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other components belonging to the machine. The scope of delivery is based on the images or the components available during inspection. Technical data: Manufacturer: ZEISS Model: GageMax 7/5/5 Navigator Serial number: 156521 Year of manufacture: 2011 Measuring range X/Y/Z: 750 × 500 × 500 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 250 kg Probe system: ZEISS VAST XT Multi-probe changer included Computer equipment included Last documented calibration: 02/2025 The machine is in used condition. A current functional test was carried out by ZEISS. An on-site inspection is possible by arrangement and is expressly welcome. The machine is preferably sold for collection. Loading and transport can be arranged by agreement. Gbjdpfx Aisz Ebzboveu Scope of delivery as shown in the images. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1987, measuring range X-axis: 1,970 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 1,470 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 1,220 mm, table width: 2,080 mm, table height: 500 mm, table length: 3,490 mm, Very special price: LK Portal measuring machine, model G80 Measuring Capacity Measuring Capacity Y: 1470 mm Measuring Capacity Z: 1220 mm Clearance Under Bridge: 1350 mm Table Size: 3490 x 2080 x 500 mm Electrical Supply: 220 V 50 Hz Heidenhain EXE: EXE 829 Heidenhain Scales: X Axis Main LIDA 225 / 2040 mm Heidenhain Scales: X Axis Sync LIDA 225 / 2040 mm Heidenhain Scales: Y Axis LIDA 225 / 1540 mm Gsdpfx Aiewip H Sevobu Heidenhain Scales: Z Axis LIDA 225 / 1340 mm Year of build : 1987 , in use 1991 Granite clamping table dim.: 3490x2080x500 Longitudinal displacement: 1970 mm Transverse displacement: 1470 mm High displacement: 1220 mm Year of construction: 1987 , in use: 1991 Incl. Renishaw measuring system

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, Werth Metrology: Scope - Check 650 MB Z 3D CNC 650x750x500 Standard accuracy Measuring range: X = 650 mm Y = 750 mm Z = up to 500 mm The measuring range available for measuring workpieces is determined by the sensor and accessory configuration. Machine dimensions: W = 1230 mm D = 1560 mm H = 2550 mm Max. permissible workpiece weight: 500 kg Machine weight: approx. 1410 kg Coordinate measuring machine in bridge construction for 3D CNC operation with standard accuracy. The multi-sensor concept supports combined measurement with multiple sensors. Technical features: - Base unit on a solid base in a "moving bridge" design - Air-bearing bridge in the Y-axis with integrated air-bearing carriage in the X-axis and air-bearing Z-axis on a solid base - Maximum permissible length measurement deviation MPE in accordance with ISO 10360 or VEDI VDE 2617 (with motorized zoom optics, maximum magnification, or sensor with the same or better probing deviation) The device functions perfectly. Gbodpjy Uly Sefx Aiveu The measuring machine can be tested on-site if desired. Important information: A computer with the operating system Windows XP is also included – it runs smoothly. Software version of Werth measuring software: - see photo. If someone wants to have a current operating system, the update must be performed independently.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 20 h, year of last overhaul: 2021, Equipment: CE marking, We offer this Mitutoyo QVT1-L2022IL-D coordinate measuring machine, like new, year of manufacture 2017. Code: 364-109Y Model: QVT1-L2022IL-D SO number: Serial number: 62736222 Gbodpfsyaympsx Aivsu Year of manufacture: 2017 If you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to send us a message or give us a call.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, measuring range X-axis: 1,200 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 1,800 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 1,000 mm, Zeiss CNC coordinate measuring machine Prismo Mass Navigator VAST GOLD Gbedpfxezr I R Ee Aiveu Year of manufacture: 2021 Last calibration: 02/2025 Measuring range: X = 1200 mm, Y = 1800 mm, Z = 1000 mm In technically and visually like-new condition The machine was located in an air-conditioned precision measuring room Device features, equipment: C99 control system with BP26_SE control panel Automatic temperature compensation VAST GOLD sensor system 9-position probe changer magazine Reference probe Temperature probe Probe changer turret, 7 positions Calibration sphere HP Z4 workstation with monitor Calypso Basic 2022 software Options: Navigator, Curve, QDAS Converter, and PiWeb Reporting Further accessories and options available Available for immediate delivery

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, Type: 3D coordinate measuring machine (CMM), measuring range X/Y/Z: 300mm/250mm/150mm. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Gsdpfx Aoupk A Esivjbu

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, measuring range X-axis: 905 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 1,005 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 805 mm, Buy your coordinate measuring machine from the leading specialist in CMMs with 30 years of experience – Kneissl-Messtechnik. With KNEISSL-Approved, you receive a pre-owned machine that has been thoroughly inspected, tested, and guaranteed ready for use – quality you can trust. General machine data: Machine type: CRYSTA-Apex V9108 Year of manufacture: 2020 Manufacturer: Mitutoyo Measuring range: 905 x 1005 x 805 mm Accessories: Probe head mount: PH10MQ Probe head: Renishaw SP25M with SM modules Gsdeyvit Sjpfx Aivsbu Additional accessories: Ceramic calibration sphere, Windows 11 PC, 23" monitor, MCOSMOS 4.0 As specialists, we are happy to provide tailored advice to help you find the right machine for your measuring requirements. Worldwide delivery available upon request!

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, measuring range X-axis: 600 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 500 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 500 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 300 kg, path measurement accuracy: 2 mm, overall weight: 435 kg, travel speed (max.): 30,000 mm/min, compressed air connection: 5 bar, Equipment: documentation/manual, type plate available, The COORD3 Benchmark 06.05.05 is a high-quality, CNC-controlled portal measuring machine (half-gantry type) designed for accurate 3D product inspection. The machine combines a stable mechanical structure with high measuring speeds, making it suitable for use in both temperature-controlled measuring rooms and controlled production environments. 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹): This CMM is in near-new condition. The machine has only been used as a demonstration model and therefore has seen very little use. There is no production wear, meaning the system is in absolute top condition, both mechanically and electronically. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗛𝟮𝟬 𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗱: The machine uses the advanced Renishaw PH20 probe head. This head uses ‘head touches’ (fast pivoting movements of the head itself) instead of moving the entire machine axes. This results in a measuring cycle that is up to three times shorter compared to traditional systems. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 (𝟭𝟲 - 𝟮𝟲 °𝗖): Thanks to the optional multi-sensor temperature compensation system, the machine maintains its accuracy over a wide temperature range. This makes the CMM suitable for use near the production line without requiring a strictly temperature-controlled environment. 𝗗𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: The machine bed consists of a solid granite table with integrated guides (flatness according to DIN876/III). Because all axes are equipped with air bearings, there is no mechanical friction or wear, which guarantees long-term repeatability. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻: The CNC controller and the PC are integrated into the machine's base. This saves valuable floor space in your workshop or measuring room. The monitor and keyboard are mounted on a flexible, pivoting operator arm. 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗶𝘁𝘆: The effective measuring volume is 600 mm on the X-axis, 500 mm on the Y-axis, and 470 mm on the Z-axis (reduced from 500 to 470 mm due to the physical design of the PH20 head). The robust granite table is designed to support heavy workpieces with a maximum product weight of up to 300 kg. 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰𝘀: The machine is equipped with a powerful NC drive via DC motors with backlash-free friction drive on steel guides for all axes. This results in an impressive maximum positioning speed of 30,000 mm/min (500 mm/s) and a maximum acceleration of 1500 mm/s², allowing measuring programs to be executed with minimal pauses. 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘆: The machine's performance has been fully verified according to the strict international UNI EN ISO 10360-2 standard. With the PH20 measuring head, the system guarantees a path measuring accuracy (MPE) of 2.7 + 3.0L/1000 µm under optimal conditions (18-22 °C), and a maximum repeatability accuracy (MPL) of 2.5 µm. The maximum form measuring error of the probe (MPE PFTU) is 2.7 µm. 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: For the commissioning of this CMM, a stable compressed air supply is required with a minimum pressure of 5 Bar (71 PSI) and a constant air consumption of 90 Nl/min. The electrical installation is very simple and requires a standard single-phase power supply of 230 V (±10%) at 50 Hz. The total machine weight, including the base, is 435 kg (excluding PC peripherals). Gjdpfx Aiez Eh T Revjbu

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, We are selling our Faro Quantum S measuring arm, including the Polyworks software package. Year of manufacture: 2018, last calibration: 2024. Comes with various accessories. Gsdpfx Aoz Rkncjivsbu Ready for immediate use.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2023, A Mitutoyo CNC bridge coordinate measuring machine is available. Travel X/Y/Z: 1200mm/2000mm/1000mm, measuring volume: 2.4m³, max. workpiece weight: 2500kg, max. workpiece height: 1000mm, probe system: Renishaw, probe positions: 20, measuring accuracy: 2.3+/-0.3/100µm, max. travel speed: 693mm/s. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3400mm/2200mm/3600mm, weight: approx. 6150kg, control: Mcosmos-3 V4.3. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Gbodpezhnrbjfx Aivsu

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2023, A CNC 3D coordinate measuring machine Keyence is available. Table diameter: 500mm, measuring diameter: 500mm, measuring height: 200mm, travel X/Y: 280mm, rotation capability: 360°, tilt angle: 45°, max. table load: 50kg, display resolution: 0.1µm, repeatability: 2µm, measuring accuracy: +/-10µm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 720mm/1000mm/860mm, weight: approx. 30kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Gsdpfeympc Hjx Aivjbu

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, Optical 3D coordinate measuring machine, manufacturer Keyence Model series VL 550 / VL 570 with few operating hours. - Basic device VL-550 - Measuring head VL-570 - Control unit VL-500 Some technical data on the measuring device: Display resolution: 0.1µm Repeatability: 2µm Measuring accuracy: ± 10µm in accordance with VDI/VDE 2634 Bl.3 Standard measuring mode: 4 million measuring points Fine measuring mode: 16 million measuring points Motorized rotary table: XY and 360° rotation Scope of delivery: - 500mm base VL-550 - Measuring head VL-570 - Control unit VL-500 - cover - Calibration plate - User manuals - Certificates from the manufacturer Gedjr Epxpjpfx Aivsbu - Shape and position tolerance module (software CD) - Comparison measurement module (software CD) - Alternating current cable Further technical data is available on request.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, measuring range X-axis: 700 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 1,000 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 600 mm, MCOSMOS with GEOPAK module (CAD-assisted evaluation). Software - MCOSMOS 3 CNC V4 Equipment: PH10MQ probe head (incl. FCR25 quick-change rack). SP25M scanning probe system with 5-piece probe module set. MCOSMOS 3 CNC V4 incl. dongle (Wibu-Box). CAT1000PS V4 (CAD comparison and evaluation). Software upgrade MCOSMOS-1 from V2 to V4. GEO-EDM add-on module for eroded parts. Gedpfxjx H Nn Rj Aivsbu Part-program generator and GEO-EDM assistant.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2013, Technical specifications: Measuring range, X-axis: 700 mm Measuring range, Y-axis: 650 mm Measuring range, Z-axis: 500 mm Size of granite plate: 1330 x 962 mm Gbjdpjzrfmwefx Aivsu Dimensions (width x depth x height): approx. 1400 x 1200 x 2450 mm Weight: approx. 800 kg Condition: Condition is nearly new, very little used. The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology, and wear correspond to its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, A CNC-controlled 3D multisensor coordinate measuring machine by Dr. Schneider is available. Design: bridge type, measuring dimensions X/Y/Z: 400mm/400mm/300mm, axis resolution: 0.0001mm, max. traverse speed: 100mm/s, max. acceleration: 4m/s², optical length measurement error: 2+L/300µm, volumetric length measurement error: 2.8+L/300µm, probe head: Renishaw PH10M, touch probe: Renishaw TP200, probe interface: Renishaw PI200. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1200mm/1200mm/2100mm, weight: approx. 600kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Gjdjzli Tuspfx Aivebu

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, Coordinate measuring machine HEXAGON Optiv Classic 321 GL, serial number 6K012-3, with computer DELL Precision T3500, Intel Xeon processor, TESA Bugnon 38 remote control, purchased in 2013, last calibration 09/2017. Gbsdpfxjztc A Sj Aivsu

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, A 3D CNC coordinate measuring machine in need of repair is offered for sale. Max. measuring range X/Y/Z: 400mm/400mm/300mm, measuring principle: hybrid (optical/tactile), optical system: CCD camera with motorized zoom optics, focusing method: contrast autofocus, max. accuracy: 1.5µm (MPE), guideways: mechanical precision guideways, base structure: granite construction, control: CNC in all 3 axes, software: WinWerth®. The Z-axis no longer moves. An on-site inspection is possible. Gbedeztrbdopfx Aivju

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1995, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 0118507, measuring range X-axis: 500 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 400 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 400 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 100 kg, total height: 2,185 mm, total width: 1,062 mm, total length: 1,354 mm, input voltage: 230 V, compressed air connection: 6 bar, Used coordinate measuring machine Measuring range (X/Y/Z): 500 x 400 x 400 mm Godpfjywfrasx Aivjbu Measuring software: DOS-Geopak Probe system: Renishaw PH6 + TP2 Control unit: Mitutoyo UC 100 Accuracy: 3.0 + (0.4 * L / 100) Delivery, calibration and training can be offered as options. An upgrade to MCOSMOS Geopak with Windows 11 is also available.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, An optical CNC 3D coordinate measuring machine Keyence is available. Display resolution: 0.1µm, repeatability: 2µm, measurement accuracy: +/-10µm, low magnification: 300mm/200mm, high magnification: 70mm/50mm, max. load capacity: 20kg, weight: approx. 30kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Gbjdpfx Asy Hk Tboivsu

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, 3D coordinate measuring machine Control unit XM 1600 Measuring range on the table 200 x 200 x 200 mm Maximum measuring range 2000 x 1200 x 1000 mm Accuracy: +/- 7µm Gbjdpfxsz Hfqvo Aivou Repeatability: +/- 3µm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, The Aberlink Azimuth CNC Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is the largest model in our range and reflects over twenty years of experience and excellence in developing innovative metrology. It has been specifically designed for the precise measurement of large and heavy workpieces weighing up to 6000kg. The revolutionary bridge design incorporates aluminium honeycomb core panels originally developed for Formula 1 and aerospace. This design offers a remarkable stiffness to weight ratio that improves both the performance and speed of the Azimuth. With travels of X 1200mm, Y 2000 or 3000mm and Z 1000mm and volumetric accuracy of up to (2.6 + L/250)µm, the Azimuth ensures the highest precision. The scale resolution is 0.1µm. A specially designed load plate system allows heavy components to be placed directly on the granite base, transferring the load directly to the floor without affecting metrological performance. The user-friendly Aberlink 3D measurement software enables a short training period, so that even without prior knowledge, precise measurements can be taken. Free software updates ensure that the system is always kept up to date. Gbjdpfovwbabsx Aiveu

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, Aberlink's Horizon CNC Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) sets new standards in metrology by using frictionless linear drives that ensure fast, smooth and silent movements. This technology minimizes wear and increases reliability, which reduces maintenance. The granite base and Y-axis rail make the most of the thermal stability of this material to ensure precise measurements. The Horizon CMM is available in a range of sizes, with travels of X 800 mm, Y 1000 or 1600 mm and Z 600 mm, to suit different measurement requirements. Volumetric accuracy is (1.8 + L/350)µm with the TP20 probe, (1.7 + L/350)µm with the TP200 probe and (1.5 + L/350)µm with the SP25M scanner. The scale resolution is 0.1µm. Gjdpfx Aiovwa Udevebu Thanks to the user-friendly Aberlink 3D measurement software, the training time is minimal, so that precise measurements can be carried out even without prior knowledge. Free software updates ensure that the system is always up to date.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, Machine Sales Text – MasterScanner MSXP 16060 The MasterScanner MSXP 16060 thread measuring machine is a highly automated, precision measuring solution for comprehensive pre-load and form inspection of thread gauges and cylindrical measuring instruments. The machine measures all relevant thread parameters per pitch in less than 2 minutes, automatically generates inspection reports comparing results with international standards, and, through complete automation, systematically reduces human error. Key features: Godpfx Aeyhdlfoivebu - Fully automated measurement without operator intervention, delivering rapid results. - External measurement range: 1.0 – 150 mm; internal measurement range: 2.5 – 160 mm. - Max. measuring length: 60 mm; min. thread pitch: 0.1 mm. - High-precision measuring system with Heidenhain linear encoder, resolution 0.01 µm. - Precision air bearing guides and Swiss-made brushless motor ensure constant measuring performance. - Robust granite bed (900 × 350 mm) and Click’On quick-change system. - Industrial control PC with MSProg Linux software, standard tolerance library (IACLIB), and 1 year of free software updates included. - Supplied with calibration and laser calibration certificates. Business Benefits: - Significant increase in measurement and inspection speed. - Proven reduction in measurement errors and inspection times. - High consistency and reproducibility of measurement results. - Compatible with international standards and ISO/IEC-17025 compliant. - Ideal for calibration laboratories, metrology service providers, and manufacturing companies needing to test and document thread gauges, ring gauges, and plug gauges with maximum precision and efficiency.