Used Steam Industrial Steam Blancher for sale (28,229)

Condition: excellent (used), Industrial steam blanching machine for sale. Full line with concord boiler etc. More details available on request. Gjdpsytrauofx Ahmsbr

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 02343, EVT GIGANT Vapor Degreasing System The system offered is ideally suited for the reliable removal of oils and oily residues from metal parts using the vapor degreasing process. Thanks to the generously sized work basket, high throughput rates are possible. Since this design does not include flooding of the work chamber, the required solvent volume remains relatively low, despite the large chamber size. This system is in good used condition and can be inspected and tested in our technical center in D-75447 Sternenfels by arrangement. Technical highlights: - The system recently underwent a comprehensive maintenance service by EVT. - The system was inspected for compliance with the German Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchV) by Chemlab as recently as March 2026. - The system was approved by DEKRA in July 2026. System features: - Closed system without exhaust air - Top loading - Rotating and pivoting device - Spray device - Flooding device with heated feed tank - Vapor degreasing - Recirculating air drying Gedpfx Ajzrw Dbehmsbr - Activated carbon module (designed for 2-shift operation) - Atmospheric distillation - Solvents that can be used: Perchloroethylene (PER) - Basket dimensions L/W/H: 1100x450x370 mm (internal dimensions) or alternatively 6 x 480x320x200 mm (external dimensions) - Throughput: max. 2 batches/h - Compressed air: 6 bar System availability: from October 2026 P.S. This offer is non-binding and subject to change. Modifications, errors and prior sale expressly reserved.

Condition: excellent (used), AVAILABLE FOR ONE WEEK ONLY – 2 × LOOS INDUSTRIAL STEAM BOILERS For sale are two complete LOOS industrial steam boilers, equipped with Weishaupt burners and Siemens Simatic control systems. Technical Data Per Boiler * Manufacturer: LOOS * Year of manufacture: 1994 * Steam capacity: 3,200 kg/h * Thermal output: 2,087 kW * Maximum operating pressure: 10 bar * Water capacity: 3,890 litres * Maximum operating temperature: 183 °C * Burner: Weishaupt RL40/2-A multiflam * Burner year: 2013 * Control system: Siemens Simatic * Quantity available: 2 units The boilers are offered as complete industrial units, including burners, control cabinets, safety equipment and installed accessories visible in the photographs. Suitable for industrial applications requiring process steam, including food production, laundries, manufacturing plants, chemical processing and other steam-consuming facilities. Gbedezqyv Rjpfx Ahmsr IMPORTANT: THESE BOILERS ARE AVAILABLE FOR ONE WEEK ONLY The equipment must be reserved within this limited period. After one week, availability can no longer be guaranteed. The boilers can be purchased individually or together. Inspection can be arranged by appointment. Assistance with dismantling, loading and international transport can also be provided. Serious enquiries only. Márton Pauker Top Heating Systems

Year of construction: 2004, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, maximum load weight: 125 kg, loading space volume: 2.5 m³, machine/vehicle number: 3881 and 3690, Lot of 2 – TUPESA SC 125 V Industrial Steam Tumble Dryers (2004) Two High-Capacity Steam-Heated Tilting Drum Dryers An excellent opportunity to acquire two heavy-duty TUPESA SC 125 V industrial steam tumble dryers manufactured by TUPESA Maquinaria Textil, Spain. These industrial dryers are designed for continuous, high-capacity textile and garment drying, making them ideal for denim manufacturing, garment finishing, industrial laundries, and textile processing plants. Both units were previously installed in the MASI Jeans factory and formed part of a professional industrial laundry and finishing line. The machines are sold together as one lot. Unit K550 is operational. Unit K551 requires radiator replacement Technical Specifications • Manufacturer: TUPESA Maquinaria Textil • Model: SC 125 V • Machine Type: Industrial Steam-Heated Tilting Drum Tumble Dryer • Quantity: 2 Machines • Year of Manufacture: 2004 • Manufacturing Date: 17.12.2004 • Country of Manufacture: Spain • Power Supply: 380 V, 3-Phase, 50 Hz • Heating System: External Steam Supply • Variable Speed Drive: Danfoss VLT 2800 Inverter • Drum Type: Hydraulic Tilting Drum Machine Details Unit K550 • Internal Reference: K550 • Serial Number: 3881 • Operational Unit K551 • Internal Reference: K551 • Serial Number: 3690 • Requires inspection / suitable for spare parts or refurbishment Key Features • Two industrial steam-heated tumble dryers • Large-capacity tilting drum design • Hydraulic drum tilting for ergonomic loading and unloading • Steam-heated drying system • Danfoss variable-speed inverter drive • Industrial electrical control panel • Heavy-duty construction for continuous production • Designed for large-scale laundry and garment processing Includes • 2 × TUPESA SC 125 V tumble dryers • Danfoss inverter drives • Electrical control cabinets • Main drive motors • Steam connection valves • Exhaust fan assemblies • Industrial support frames Applications • Industrial laundry operations • Garment manufacturing • Denim production • Textile processing • Garment finishing • Commercial drying facilities • Heavy textile processing Condition • Sold as one lot consisting of two machines • One machine fully operational • Second machine requires approx.. 1000 euro radiator replacement. • Previously used in professional industrial production • Both machines are externally complete • Good overall industrial condition • Normal cosmetic wear consistent with factory use • Available for inspection before dismantling Location Gjdezkv R Djpfx Ahmebr Valga, Estonia Dismantling & Transport Buyer is responsible for dismantling, loading, transportation, and all related costs. Professional dismantling and lifting equipment are recommended due to the size and weight of the machines. Sales Terms Sold as-is, where-is, without warranty. Part of the MASI JEANS factory liquidation. The machines are available as this two-machine package or together with the complete industrial laundry and finishing line.

Year of construction: 2003, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, maximum load weight: 100 kg, total length: 1,965 mm, total width: 1,970 mm, total height: 2,550 mm, loading space volume: 2 m³, machine/vehicle number: 03108, Heavy-Duty 100 kg Steam-Heated Industrial Tumble Dryer for Garment & Textile Processing The Triveneta Grandi Impianti E/100 R.V. is a heavy-duty industrial steam-heated tumble dryer manufactured by Triveneta Grandi Impianti S.r.l., Italy. Designed for continuous industrial laundry and textile finishing operations, this high-capacity dryer is ideal for garment manufacturing, denim production, commercial laundries, and other high-volume drying applications. This unit (MASI internal reference K672) was used in professional apparel production until the factory shutdown and remained operational. Technical Specifications • Manufacturer: Triveneta Grandi Impianti S.r.l. • Model: E/100 R.V. • Machine Type: Industrial Steam-Heated Tumble Dryer • Serial Number: 03108 • Year: 2003 • Country of Manufacture: Italy • Maximum Load Capacity: 100 kg • Heating System: External Steam Supply • Power Supply: 400 V, 3-Phase, 50 Hz • Machine Weight: Approximately 1,450 kg • Dimensions: • Width: 1,970 mm • Depth: 1,965 mm • Height: 2,550 mm Key Features • High-capacity industrial drying drum • Steam-heated drying system • Digital microprocessor control • Programmable drying cycles • Pneumatic door opening system • Stainless steel front loading door • Twin exhaust and ventilation system • Integrated lint filter housing • Emergency stop system • Heavy-duty industrial construction • Designed for continuous production environments Includes • Triveneta Grandi Impianti E/100 R.V. tumble dryer • Integrated microprocessor control panel • Steam connection interfaces • Lint filtration system • Pneumatic door system • Industrial support frame Applications • Garment manufacturing • Denim production • Industrial laundry operations • Textile finishing • Commercial laundry facilities • Industrial garment drying • High-volume textile processing Condition • Fully operational prior to factory shutdown • Previously used in professional garment production • Good industrial condition • Structurally complete • Normal cosmetic wear consistent with industrial use • Minor surface oxidation around the door frame • Available for inspection before dismantling Location Valga, Estonia Dismantling & Transport Buyer is responsible for disconnecting steam, electrical, and utility connections, dismantling, loading, transportation, and all related costs. Gbjdpfx Ahszmwdksmjr Professional rigging and lifting equipment are recommended due to the machine's approximately 1.5-tonne weight. Sales Terms Sold as-is, where-is, without warranty. Part of the MASI JEANS factory liquidation. The machine is available individually or together with the complete industrial laundry and finishing line.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, Industrial steam boiler Brand Loos Bosch Group Model U-ND 800 Serial number 109582 Year of construction 10/2011 Total capacity: 1108 liters Steam output 800 kg per hour with Weishaupt GmbH burner Burner type WM - L10/3-A Year of construction 2011 Minimum: 250 kW Maximum: 800 kW Steam boiler dimensions: 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 1900 mm, Gedpfsv I E Tgsx Ahmjbr Storage tank Achenbach GmbH Capacity: 800 liters Dimensions: 1600 mm x 850 mm x 2600 mm Control cabinet Dimensions: 1000 mm x 180 mm x 750 mm. Burner after major renovation in 2024.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, actuation type: hydraulic, The Baileigh Industrial R-H85 is a heavy-duty, industrial-grade hydraulic double-pinch roll bender designed for precision metal fabrication. It is engineered to minimize material waste and deliver highly accurate, repeatable bends for high-capacity applications. Core Specifications & Capabilities Bending Capacity: Capable of handling up to 3″ Schedule 40 pipe and 3-3/8″ x 3-3/8″ x 1/4″ angle iron. Double-Pinch Design: Features a fixed top roll and two lower rolls driven by independent hydraulic cylinders. This setup allows for pre-bending and post-bending, minimizing the unbent straight sections at the edges of the material to reduce scrap metal waste. Driven Rolls: Equipped with an industrial-grade hydraulic transmission that powers all 3 rolls at a speed of 5.2 rpm. Gbodpfxjzn Rdme Ahmor Versatile Operation: The machine can be adjusted to operate in either a vertical position for smaller diameters or a horizontal position when rolling larger radii. Key Features Precision Control: Includes a portable operator pedestal housing an integrated digital readout (DRO). Encoders communicate with the DRO for exact positioning of the lower rolls, and programmable stops ensure easy repeatability across large production runs. Anti-Twist Lateral Guides: Features hydraulically powered lateral angle guide rolls that keep structural shapes properly aligned and prevent twisting during the bending process. Segmented Tooling: Comes standard with hardened tool steel, segmented drive rolls that can be reconfigured to match various material sizes and shapes. Heavy-Duty Build: Constructed from heavy steel plate that is both bolted and welded to eliminate framework flex even when operating at maximum capacity.

Condition: good (used), Direct from large Supermarket owned vegetable factory. Inline tray washer with dryer. High throughput system. Gjdou Ixt Djpfx Ahmobr

Condition: good (used), Direct from large Supermarket owned vegetable factory. Inline tray washer with dryer. High throughput system. Ref Raun Gedpfxeu Ixkpj Ahmsbr

Condition: excellent (used), Washing machine which can wash a tote bin and its lid at the same time. Excellent condition. Gjdpfx Ahev Ihgvomjbr

Condition: good (used), Tray wash machine, direct from recently closed ‘meat-free’ factory. In lovely condition. Gedpsrfdq Usfx Ahmsbr

Condition: excellent (used), GIC VFB4000 in immaculate condition. Was only used for a few weeks prior to the contract not going ahead. Can be supplied as a line with Multipond weigher (also only used for a few weeks) Gbsdjvtcqgspfx Ahmor

Condition: new, Unused bin washer. Bought for a contract which never materialised. Gjdpfxotpv T No Ahmobr

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Brand new, unused. Double door twin dolav washer, will also wash tote bins. Still in its protective wrapping. Rare opportunity! Gsdpfx Ahsvvw Nijmobr

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Complete Industrial Powder Coating Line for Sale We offer a complete industrial powder coating line in good working condition. The installation has been professionally maintained and is suitable for coating a wide range of steel and metal products. Equipment includes: Pretreatment system Drying oven Powder coating booth Gedozqur Hopfx Ahmobr Powder spray equipment Curing oven Conveyor system Electrical control system The complete line is available for immediate sale and can be inspected by appointment. Condition: Well maintained Fully operational before dismantling Suitable for industrial production GEMA OptiStar CG07 Powder Coating Gun

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: D00987, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, temperature: 5 °C, power: 50 kW (67.98 HP), input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: documentation/manual, CRETEL / ELIONA INDUSTRIAL WR100.125.190 industrial washing machine – Year 2011 Washing machine for carts, trays, molds, and bakery containers. Gbedpezpfkwofx Ahmsr Suitable for carts up to 1000x1250x1900mm. Equipped with 2 tray carts.

Condition: used, 1 unit of cooling system INDUSTRIAL FRIGO GRWV 165/Z-BRG 450/HP industrial system combination consisting of a water-cooled chiller and an external dry cooler, self-dismantling Gedpfx Ahszqcg Esmobr Color: as shown in the pictures, according to the images and inspection Condition: used

Year of construction: 2015, condition: good (used), Deburring machine, used Manufacturer: NS Maquinas Industrial Model: DM 1600 DC Year of manufacture: 2015 Working width: 1600 mm Minimum part size: 50x50 mm Power: 8 kW Number of cross belt stations: 1 Cross belt speed: 2-8 mm/s Feed rate: 0.6-3.2 mm Extraction system: Donaldson Used for edge rounding and removal of sharp edges on both the outer and inner contours of parts made of stainless steel, steel, or aluminum that have been cut in a laser, shear, or stamping machine. Dimensions: 2730x1740x1940 mm Weight: 1790 kg. Gbsdpfoikm Tkex Ahmsr

Condition: used, B&R X20 CP 3586 IF 2772 DI 9371 DO 9322 RA2038 Manufacturer: B&R Industrial Automation Components: 1x X20 CP 3586 3x X20 IF 2772 2x X20 DI 9371 Gbedpsk Abwlsfx Ahmsr 1x X20 DO 9322 Intel ATOM 1.6 GHz with additional I/O processor Ethernet, POWERLINK with Poll Response Chaining and USB on board 3 slots for modular interface expansion CompactFlash as exchangeable program memory 512 MByte DDR2 SDRAM main memory Controller redundancy possible Fanless Prices net plus VAT ex central warehouse Dr. Sonntag GmbH & Co KG, 97076 Würzburg, Germany

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, workpiece weight (max.): 700 kg, INDUSTRIAL MARKEE 6-SPINDLE CENTRIFUGAL POLISHING MACHINE (2008) Industrial centrifugal polishing machine with 6 spindles, manufactured by INDUSTRIAL MARKEE SL (Spanish manufacturer), year 2008. From industrial company liquidation in Spain (insolvency proceedings) – not from a breakdown. ═════ SPECIFICATIONS ═════ - Manufacturer: INDUSTRIAL MARKEE SL (Spanish polishing equipment specialist) - Year of manufacture: 2008 - Type: Centrifugal polishing machine - Configuration: 6 spindles (heads) - Power supply: 380V three-phase, 50 Hz - Construction: Heavy-duty industrial steel frame - Multiple polishing heads working simultaneously - Designed for medium to high production runs ═════ APPLICATIONS ═════ Suitable for industrial polishing of: - Metal parts (steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper) - Cutlery and tableware production - Tap fittings, valves, and brass components - Plumbing fittings (taps, faucets, fittings) - Cookware (pots, pans, kitchenware) - Architectural metal components - Decorative metal objects - Hardware and tool finishing The 6-spindle configuration allows simultaneous processing of multiple parts, ideal for medium production volumes. Gbodszcmgbepfx Ahmjr ═════ CONDITION ═════ - Used, from industrial closure (NOT from a breakdown) - Year 2008 (~17 years old) - structural condition good - Heavy-duty industrial construction designed for long-term use - Sold as-is, full inspection welcome before pickup - Polishing wheels/heads condition: variable, may need replacement (standard consumables, available worldwide) - Motor and bearings condition: to be verified during inspection - No original manual included ═════ ABOUT THE MANUFACTURER ═════ INDUSTRIAL MARKEE SL is a Spanish manufacturer specializing in polishing and finishing equipment. Spare parts and technical consultation are available through the local Spanish industry network. ═════ KEY ADVANTAGES ═════ ✓ Robust industrial construction ✓ Multi-spindle configuration (6 heads) for higher production output ✓ Heavy frame designed for stability during polishing ✓ Standard 380V industrial power supply ✓ Mechanically simple – easy to maintain and service ✓ Polishing consumables (wheels, compounds) widely available ═════ LOGISTICS & PURCHASE ═════ - Pickup location: Barcelona, Spain - Weight: approximately 500-700 kg - Dimensions: medium-large industrial machine - Loading: forklift required - Pallet or pre-packed for transport possible - Inspection welcome by appointment - Payment: 100% bank transfer in advance - Documents: commercial invoice, sold as-is - International shipping possible – buyer arranges transport - Container loading possible (LCL or FCL) ═════ COMPARATIVE VALUE ═════ A new equivalent 6-spindle centrifugal polishing machine in 2026 costs €15,000-25,000. This used unit offers similar production capability at a fraction of the cost.

Condition: good (used), Complete Steel Structure – 10,000 m² Large industrial steel hall – to be dismantled Dimensions Godpfozcwl Ijx Ahmjbr Total: 72 x 144 meters (approx. 10,000 m²) 4x Small hall: 36 x 36 meters 2x Medium hall: 72 x 36 meters Heights Eaves height: 10 meters Ridge height: 14 meters Included Complete steel structure Exterior sandwich panels Important Notes Please note: The roof will be removed (roof panels are not included). Status The building is currently fully intact and has not yet been dismantled. After dismantling, the materials will be carefully sorted and prepared for transport. Highly suitable for reconstruction at a new location. By giving steel a second life, we buy, dismantle, transport, and sell high-quality steel buildings and structures throughout Europe.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, cooling capacity: 380.9 kW (517.88 HP), type of input current: three-phase, type of cooling: air, overall weight: 4,147 kg, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 2,300 mm, total length: 5,350 mm, total height: 2,450 mm, warranty duration: 6 months, AIRCOOLED CHILLER TRANE CGAM140 380.9 KW Cooling capacity: 380.9 kW / 108.3 tons (12/7 — 35°C) Year of manufacture: 2011 Options: Hydraulic module. Refrigerant circuit: 2 pcs. Heat exchanger: Plate Condenser: Copper / Aluminum Compressors: 4 pcs. Danfoss CSHN315 (scroll) + 2 pcs. Danfoss CSHN250 (scroll) Type of refrigerant: R410A Number of fans: 8 pcs. (Frequency inverter) Gbsdpozqzrgjfx Ahmor Hydraulic module: 2 pcs. water pump Wilo, buffer tank 762 l, expansion vessel 60 l. Dimensions: 5.35x2.3x2.45 m Weight: 4147 kg Working hours: 7343/3545/6326/7990/5866/6489 h. Condition: Used, tested, fully operational CONDITION, TESTING & READINESS The chiller / kaltwassersatz / undergoes seven stages of technical inspection and operational parameter verification. It is also tested at our own test station, with connection to water (or glycol) and adjustment of parameters according to your requirements. After testing, you will receive a detailed report with the operating performance and the overall condition of the chiller. The chiller / kaltwassersatz / is ready for transport and commissioning. Our engineers will assist you with cooling capacity calculations, selection of the appropriate cooling scheme, and configuration of the required equipment options. WARRANTY & SUPPORT The quality of the equipment is confirmed with a warranty ranging from 6 to 36 months. Our company can also offer: - refrigerant charging; - replacement of oil and filters; - technical support. LOGISTICS - Worldwide delivery available - Support with loading, export documentation, and logistics coordination Get a detailed consultation. Photos, videos, and a full testing report can be provided immediately upon request.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, cooling capacity: 261 kW (354.86 HP), type of input current: three-phase, type of cooling: air, overall weight: 1,898 kg, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 2,340 mm, total length: 2,950 mm, total height: 2,540 mm, warranty duration: 6 months, AIRCOOLED CHILLER CLIVET WSAT YSC4 100.4 261 KW Cooling capacity: 261.0 kW / 74.21 tons (12/7 — 35°C) Year of manufacture: 2023 Refrigerant circuit: 2 pcs. Heat exchanger: Shell and tube Condenser: Microchannel, Aluminum Compressors: 4 pcs. Copeland YP293K1T-TED-GCR (scroll, soft starter) Type of refrigerant: R32 Number of fans: 4 pcs. (EC-fans) Dimensions: 2.95x2.34x2.54 m Weight: 1898 kg Working hours: 1773/1820/1906/1827 h. Condition: Used, tested, fully operational CONDITION, TESTING & READINESS The chiller / kaltwassersatz / undergoes seven stages of technical inspection and operational parameter verification. It is also tested at our own test station, with connection to water (or glycol) and adjustment of parameters according to your requirements. After testing, you will receive a detailed report with the operating performance and the overall condition of the chiller. Gedpfx Ahszqzltemjbr The chiller / kaltwassersatz / is ready for transport and commissioning. Our engineers will assist you with cooling capacity calculations, selection of the appropriate cooling scheme, and configuration of the required equipment options. WARRANTY & SUPPORT The quality of the equipment is confirmed with a warranty ranging from 6 to 36 months. Our company can also offer: - refrigerant charging; - replacement of oil and filters; - technical support. LOGISTICS - Worldwide delivery available - Support with loading, export documentation, and logistics coordination Get a detailed consultation. Photos, videos, and a full testing report can be provided immediately upon request.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, cooling capacity: 350 kW (475.87 HP), type of input current: three-phase, type of cooling: air, overall weight: 4,480 kg, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 2,280 mm, total length: 5,000 mm, total height: 2,450 mm, warranty duration: 6 months, AIRCOOLED CHILLER SWEGON COBALT PRO HE LN 37.2 350 KW Cooling capacity: 350.0 kW / 99.52 tons (12/7 — 35°C) Year of manufacture: 2015 Refrigerant circuit: 2 pcs. Heat exchanger: Shell and tube Condenser: Microchannel, Aluminum Compressors: 2 pcs. Bitzer CSH7593-90Y-40D (screw) Gjdpfx Ahjzqzhnjmjbr Type of refrigerant: R1234ze Number of fans: 8 pcs. (Frequency inverter) Dimensions: 5.0x2.28x2.45 m Weight: 4480 kg Working hours: 620/870 h. Condition: Used, tested, fully operational CONDITION, TESTING & READINESS The chiller / kaltwassersatz / undergoes seven stages of technical inspection and operational parameter verification. It is also tested at our own test station, with connection to water (or glycol) and adjustment of parameters according to your requirements. After testing, you will receive a detailed report with the operating performance and the overall condition of the chiller. The chiller / kaltwassersatz / is ready for transport and commissioning. Our engineers will assist you with cooling capacity calculations, selection of the appropriate cooling scheme, and configuration of the required equipment options. WARRANTY & SUPPORT The quality of the equipment is confirmed with a warranty ranging from 6 to 36 months. Our company can also offer: - refrigerant charging; - replacement of oil and filters; - technical support. LOGISTICS - Worldwide delivery available - Support with loading, export documentation, and logistics coordination Get a detailed consultation. Photos, videos, and a full testing report can be provided immediately upon request.

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, cooling capacity: 895 kW (1,216.86 HP), type of input current: three-phase, type of cooling: air, overall weight: 6,525 kg, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 2,400 mm, total length: 12,960 mm, total height: 2,850 mm, warranty duration: 6 months, Gas cooler & Evap CX heat pump Güntner S-GGDV CD 090.1 DE/2C-E-44 Gas cooler capacity: 895.0 kW Evaporator capacity: 465.0 kW Refrigerant temperature: inlet 120.0°C — outlet 37.0°C (gas cooler) Evaporation temperature: -2.0°C (evaporator) Air flow: 216092 m³/h Fans: 24 pcs. EC, 3~400V 50-60Hz Gedpfxozqui Eo Ahmebr Tubes: copper / Fins: epoxy coated Heat exchange surface: 4839.5 m² Max operating pressure: 130.0 bar Dimensions: 12.96 x 2.4 x 2.85 m Weight: approx. 6525 kg Condition: used for testing