Used Mirae 4 Roll Calender for sale (62,679)

Year of construction: 2010, condition: good (used), functionality: not functional, 4-Roll Rubber Calender, 14'' x 42'', L-type, for the production of inner linear and fabric coatings. It consists of a drive unit, TCUs, cooling rolls, and conveyor belts. Hfjdpjzt Nkisfx Aicek

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, OMEC 4-roll mechanical calender. Available for immediate delivery, subject to prior sale. Model: FX4.90.1330. Double-nip configuration. Working width: 1330 mm. Diameter of upper and lower rolls: 90 mm. Diameter of side rolls: 95 mm. Thickness range: 2 – 2.5 – 3 mm. (1.5 x D, 3 x D, 5 x D) Motorized upper and lower rolls with equal power. Motorized side rolls for up/down movement. Front opening of the upper roll. Roll hardness: HRC 55/60, depth 2 mm. Special bearings for side rolls. External lever for adjusting roll inclination. Sheet clamping with bearing-supported device. 2-pedal foot control. Electrical panel compliant with “CE” standards. Indicator in mm for reading sheet clamping. 4-ROLL MECHANICAL CALENDER with double-nip configuration and front release. The upper roll is fixed, while the up and down movement is applied to the side rolls and the lower roll. Sheet clamping is very easy, as once the sheet is inserted between the upper and lower rolls, the latter rises and locks the sheet in place. Power: 1.8 kW Dimensions: 800 x 2100 x H 1300 mm Weight: 625 kg Included with the machine: Conical device on the front of the upper roll. No. 02 digital displays for the position of the side rolls. Grinding/Turning of the rolls after heat treatment. Roll hardening. Hfedofh Skpspfx Aicok

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, BIKO B4 2014 Linear Four roll bending machine Hydraulically controlled four-rolls bending machine Make BIKO, model B4 2014 Technical specifications: Number of Rolls: Four Geometry of the side rollers: linear guides Working width: 2000 mm Top roller diameter: 145 mm Hfedpfx Ajiinkneicsk Lower roller diameter: 130 mm Side roller diameter: 130 mm Guaranteed installed power: 5.5 kW Guaranteed maximum rotation speed: 5 m/min Guaranteed machine weight: 2,300 kg Length: 2,900mm Width: 900mm Height: 1,000mm Guaranteed capacities: for material with a yield point of 260 N/mm² Rolling capacity (full working width) 4 mm Bending performance (full working width) 3 mm from pipe diameter 725 mm Rolling capacity (full working width) 3 mm Bending performance (full working width) 2 mm from pipe diameter 190 mm Standard equipment: Linear guide system for rolls movement Extremely wide bearing blocks Needle bearing for the rolls rotation Extra heavy double hinged folding release Hardened rolls for high wear protection Hydraulic parallelism system of the side rolls Digital display for the position of the side rolls and the bottom roll cone bending device Control on the swiveling control panel Safety trip wire with emergency stop and CE certification

Condition: new, sheet width 1550 mm plate thickness 6.5 mm pre-bending 4.5 mm diameter of upper rolls 150 mm side roll diameter 130 mm diameter of lower rolls 150 mm distance max. OW zu UW 20,0 mm total power requirement 2.2 + 1.5 kW weight of the machine ca. 2370 kg. range L-W-H 3300 x 1150 x 1110 mm Exhibition machine - NEW not yet in use (!!) Special price on request Equipment: - electro-hydraulic 4-roller round bending machine * with driven top roller + bottom roller * stable welded construction - Area of application: Hodpfx Aisxabkbocsfk * light to heavy sheet metal processing (steel/aluminum/stainless steel) - electro-hydraulic adjustment of the bottom + side rollers - linear guidance of the side rollers - top roller driven by robust electric motor + planetary gear - freely movable, separate control panel - hardened rollers SAE 1050 (CK 45) + crowning - conical bending device - 3x axis digital display for precise roller positions - electro-hydraulic folding bearing - operating instructions (PDF)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2000, control type: NC control, controller manufacturer: Davi Smart, number of rollers: 4, roller (bottom) diameter: 340 mm, roller (top) diameter: 370 mm, side roll diameter: 320 mm, roller length: 3,100 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 25 mm, overall weight: 18,500 kg, total length: 5,900 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, total height: 2,300 mm, power: 30 kW (40.79 HP), Equipment: cone bending device, 4 roll plate bender Davi Promau - MCB-3037 MACH-ID 9751 Make: Davi Promau Type: MCB-3037 Control: Davi Smart Year: 2000 Conical bending attachment Extended roll end for section bending jobs Digital read out position side rolls Central lubrication CE-Declaration Rolling width: 3100mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø:20mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø:25mm Rolling thickness prebending: 22mm Top Roll Ø: 370mm Bottom Roll Ø: 340mm Side roll Ø: 320mm Number of rolls: 4 Rolling speed: 0-5 Hodpfx Aijzi Ra Recofk Adjustiment lower roll: 0-200mm/min. Adjustment side rolls: 0-200mm/min. Number of driven rolls: 2 Power: 30kW Length: 5900mm Width: 2200mm Height: 2300mm Weight: 18500kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1998, Technical data: Working width: 2000 mm Bending capacity: 25.0 mm Pre-bending: 20.0 mm CNC control Hedpfxev Htnie Aicsfk Top roller diameter: 320 mm Middle roller diameter: 320 mm Side roller diameter: 240 mm Hardened rollers Conical bending device by tilting the two side rollers Mobile control panel with digital display Engine power: 11 kW CE mark Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 4500 x 2000 x 1900 mm Weight: approx. 11 tons The seller is not liable for typing or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology and wear are in keeping with its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, Technical specifications: Working width: 6500 mm Max. bending capacity: 4.0 mm Max. bending allowance: 3.0 mm CNC control Hfsdpfx Aozfvvvjicok Diameter of top roller: 420 mm Diameter of side rollers: 300 mm Diameter of center bottom roller: 400 mm Conical bending unit through angled positioning of the two side rollers Mobile control panel with digital display Hydraulic folding bearings CE marking Motor power: 22 kW Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 9200 x 2350 x 1900 mm Weight: approx. 29 tons Optional equipment: Second top roller diameter: 350 mm Side bending aid Condition: Very good condition, little used.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2001, Technical data: Working width: 2050 mm Max. bending capacity for normal steel St40: 4.0 mm Max. edge bending for normal steel St40: 2.0 mm CNC control: MG Diameter of top roller: 140 mm Diameter of side bottom rollers: 105 mm Diameter of central bottom roller: 130 mm Conical bending device Working height: 800 mm Mobile control panel Hydraulic folding bearings CE marking Motor power: 3 kW Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 3400 x 1200 x 1200 mm Weight: approx. 2.5 tons Condition: Very good condition, very little use Hfjdpfx Aieza D U Dscok The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology, and wear correspond to its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, Technical Data: Working width: 2600 mm Bending capacity: 20.0 mm Pre-bending: 16.0 mm Top roll diameter: 330 mm Middle roll diameter: 300 mm Side rolls diameter: 240 mm Conical bending device via tilting of both side rolls Mobile control panel with digital display Motor power: 11 kW CE mark Hjdpfx Aijx Ii Hvjcsfk Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 5800 x 2300 x 1900 mm Weight: approx. 11 t Additional equipment: Upper bending aid The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology, and wear are consistent with its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: good (used), Technical specifications: Working width: 4050 mm Max. bending capacity: 6.0 mm Max. pre-bending: 4.0 mm Top roller diameter: 210 mm Side lower roller diameter: 210 mm Hodpfx Aowkaaljicjfk Middle lower roller diameter: 210 mm Conical bending device by tilting the two side rollers Hydraulic folding bearings Pivoting control panel with digital display Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 6900 x 2300 x 1800 mm Weight: approx. 14 tons The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology, and wear are consistent with its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, Technical specifications: Working width: 2100 mm Bending capacity: 28.0 mm Springback: 22.0 mm Hfjdpjx Dtt Aefx Aicsk CNC control Diameter of upper roller: 350 mm Diameter of middle roller: 330 mm Diameter of side rollers: 240 mm Hardened rollers Conical bending unit by inclining the two side rollers Mobile control panel with digital display Motor power: 7.5 kW CE marking Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 3600 x 1500 x 1500 mm Weight: approx. 14.5 tons The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology, and wear and tear are consistent with its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: good (used), Glass fibre, glass fleece, laminate, glass fibre material Hsdox R S Arepfx Aicefk -Manufacturer: Spheretex, sphere core glass fleece material for laminating -Type: sphere core SBC IP Thickness 6.0 mm Width 100 cm 1 roll -Type: BÜFA -Advanced Core CLM Thickness 6.0 mm Width 127 cm 1.27 m² 3 rolls -Price/Delivery: complete -Transport dimensions: 600/400/H1280 mm -Weight: 12 kg

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2000, control type: CNC control, roller (bottom) diameter: 210 mm, roller (top) diameter: 205 mm, side roll diameter: 170 mm, roller length: 1,100 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 12 mm, sheet thickness stainless steel (max.): 8 mm, power: 5.5 kW (7.48 HP), Equipment: cone bending device, emergency stop, hardened rollers, 4 – Roll bending machine Manufacturer: STÖLTING, Type: VB 322 Year of manufacture: 2000 Technical data Manufacturer: STÖLTING Type: VB 322 Year of manufacture: 2000 Bending length: 1100 mm Sheet thickness: 12 mm Bending allowance: 8 mm Upper roll diameter: 205 mm Lower roll diameter: 210 mm Side roll diameter: 169 mm Main motor: 5.5 kW Weight: approx. 3200 kg Equipment • CNC control Hsdpfx Aszgf Rxsicefk • Conical bending device • Operating manual All information without guarantee. A demonstration is possible at any time in our showroom.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1998, control type: NC control, number of rollers: 4, roller (bottom) diameter: 540 mm, roller (top) diameter: 560 mm, side roll diameter: 420 mm, roller diameter: 440 mm, roller length: 3,100 mm, overall weight: 45,000 kg, total length: 8,700 mm, total width: 2,900 mm, total height: 3,075 mm, power: 81 kW (110.13 HP), 4 roll plate bender HAEUSLER - VRM-hy MACH-ID 9638 Make: HAEUSLER Type: VRM-hy Year: 1998 Smallest bending diameter 640 mm Pressing force against upper roll 5800 kN Conical bending attachment Central lubrication Equipped for change rolls Rolling width: 3100mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø:50mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø:60mm Rolling thickness prebending: 40mm Top Roll Ø: 560+440mm Bottom Roll Ø: 540mm Side roll Ø: 420mm Hedpjzbqquofx Aicofk Number of rolls: 4 Rolling speed: 0-6 Adjustiment lower roll: 0 - 200mm/min. Adjustment side rolls: 0 - 500mm/min. Number of driven rolls: 2 Power: 81kW Length: 8700mm Width: 2900mm Height: 3075mm Weight: 45000kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Year of construction: 2015, condition: used, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: 116.067.00, 2 Walzen Ramisch Guarneri calender, type RGK 280.2000, configured as an inline calender with expansion stages for double-sided Simili mercerization of Jacquard cotton fabrics: 2-steel roller system with unwinding and rewinding units, Maier rotary head (cooled version), moisturizing system after unwinding, centrally controlled and braked unwinding, metal detector, seam monitor, stationary introduction system (3 rollers) motorized for tension regulation, 2 cooling rollers, rewinding combination (large bobbin winder with center winder), crane runway above the unit, 2x Yale overhead cranes (manually movable via chain). The condition can be seen from the attached appraisal report. Hfedpfx Aoyiurrjicok

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, roller (top) diameter: 130 mm, side roll diameter: 110 mm, working width: 1,030 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 6 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 6 mm, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), number of digital displays: 3, Equipment: emergency stop, foot remote control, 4-Roll Round Bending Machine Manufacturer: Sahinler, Type: 4RM 10-130 HRC Hfedpfxezcpu Uo Aicek Year of Manufacture: 2008 Technical Data Manufacturer: Sahinler Type: 4RM 10-130 HRC Year of Manufacture: 2008 Usable Length: 1030 mm Top Roll Diameter: 130 mm Side Roll Diameter: 110 mm Sheet Thickness (without pre-bending): 6 mm Sheet Thickness (with pre-bending): 5 mm Total Power: 2.2 kW Dimensions: 2.4 x 1 x 1 m Weight: approx. 1.5 t Equipment • Hardened rolls • Digital display for roll positioning All information without guarantee.

Year of construction: 1978, condition: good (used), Make: HAEUSLER Type: VRM-HY Year: 1978 Specifications Metric US Standard Rolling width 3050 mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø 60 mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø 70 mm Rolling thickness prebending 50 mm Top Roll Ø 630 mm Bottom Roll Ø 600 mm Side roll Ø 500 mm Number of rolls 4 Rolling speed 0 - 5 Adjustiment lower roll 200 mm/min. Adjustment side rolls 200 mm/min. Number of driven rolls 2 Power 120 kW Dimensions (Estimate) Length 5790 mm Hedekvm S Nopfx Aicsfk Width 4200 mm Height 4200 mm Weight 85000 kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Year of construction: 1980, condition: good (used), Make: HAEUSLER Type: VRM-HY Year: 1980 Specifications Hfedjkvm Szspfx Aicjk Metric US Standard Rolling width 3000 mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø 130 mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø 140 mm Rolling thickness prebending 120 mm Top Roll Ø 950 mm Bottom Roll Ø 850 mm Side roll Ø 180 mm Number of rolls 4 Rolling speed 2 + 4 Adjustiment lower roll 0 - 400 mm/min. Adjustment side rolls 0 - 400 mm/min. Number of driven rolls 2 Power 132 + 37 kW Dimensions (Estimate) Length 12000 mm Width 5440 mm Height 5650 mm Weight 286000 kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1997, number of rollers: 4, roller (bottom) diameter: 280 mm, roller (top) diameter: 200 mm, side roll diameter: 280 mm, roller length: 3,000 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 6 mm, overall weight: 7,250 kg, total length: 6,000 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, power: 6 kW (8.16 HP), 4 roll plate bender HAEUSLER - VRM-HY MACH-ID 9604 Make: HAEUSLER Type: VRM-HY Control: HAEUSLER CNC Rolling width: 3000mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø:4mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø:6mm Rolling thickness prebending: 3mm Top Roll Ø: 200mm Bottom Roll Ø: 280mm Hfjdoy Expuepfx Aicjk Side roll Ø: 280mm Number of rolls: 4 Rolling speed: 0-5 Adjustiment lower roll: 0-200mm/min. Adjustment side rolls: 0-200mm/min. Number of driven rolls: 2 Power: 6kW Length: 6000mm Width: 2000mm Height: 2000mm Weight: 7250kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Year of construction: 1991, condition: good (used), Make: HAEUSLER Type: VRM-HY Year: 1991 Specifications Metric US Standard Rolling width 3000 mm Rolling thickness 3x toproll Ø 120 mm Rolling thickness 5x toproll Ø 150 mm Rolling thickness prebending 100 mm Top Roll Ø 910 + 820 + 740 mm Bottom Roll Ø 940 mm Side roll Ø 780 mm Hfsdskwcc Nepfx Aicek Number of rolls 4 Rolling speed 2 + 4 Adjustiment lower roll 200 mm/min. Adjustment side rolls 500 mm/min. Number of driven rolls 2 Power 300 kW Dimensions (Estimate) Length 8000 mm Width 5400 mm Height 5400 mm Weight 290000 kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details! Share on

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, total length: 4,400 mm, total width: 1,300 mm, total height: 1,200 mm, Colour: Grey Empty weight: 2.500 kg - Year: 2004 - Documentation available: No - CE marking present: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 20440160 - Drive system: Conventional - Drive: Hydraulic - Number of rolls [pcs.]: 4 - Number of driven rolls [pcs]: 4 - Power [kW]: 5.5 - Max. sheet thickness [mm]: 4 - Max. prebending thickness [mm]: 3.5 - Max. working width [mm]: 3100 - Top roll diameter [mm]: 170 - Bottom roll diameter [mm]: 160 Hsdpfx Aijyym Tdscjfk - Options: Digital readout, Cone rolling - Transport dimensions: 4400mm x 1300mm x 1200mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 2500kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: new, sheet thickness: 45upper roll diameter: 460prebending: 35sheet length: 2600Bottom Roll Diameter: 420Side Roll: 360messurements (LxWxH): 5770 x 2300 x 2585weight approx.: 28500motor: 30 Technical specifications: - Hardened and polished rolls - Complete body made of ST-52 Steel - Machine have 4 rolls and designed for symmetrical working principle - Hydraulic powered cover for easy material extracting - Digital readout for side rolls (2 digital readout) - Side rolls are free for rotation and upwards downwards movements are hydraulic powered - Top and bottom rolls are driven by hydraulic and gearbox. Bottom roll’s vertical movements are hydraulic powered - Separate control panel form machine - Conic bending device - In accordance for CE norms Options: - variable speed of rotation EURO 5.858,-- Hsdpfx Aiod Ab Rhscsfk - metarial feeding table EURO 5.100,-- - oil coiler STD. - center support EURO 18.750,-- - side supports EURO 12.500,-- - Automatic material extractor - PLC control - CNC control - Automatic material loading system - Changeable top roll - Adjustable bottom roll support system (for customer’s special requests) We have many references!

Condition: like new (used), Dalian XK-550 roller mill complete (control, hydraulics, motor). Good condition, factory-assembled, ready for immediate use. Type: Dalian XK-550 Roller width: 550 mm Design: closed, industrial roller mill Working length: 1500 mm Roller speed: 18–30 m/min Speed ​​ratio: 1:1.27 Gap adjustment: hydraulic Max. gap: ~0.5–12 mm Capacity: 2–6 t/h Power: 110kW Hsdpfxjy Eyy Uo Aicsfk Material: hardened cast iron rollers

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, Used DAVI 4-Roller Plate Bending Machine MCB 2020 Technical specifications: Year of manufacture: 10/1998 Manufacturer: DAVI Sheet working width: 2000 mm Sheet bending thickness: 10 mm Pre-bending thickness: 8 mm Roll length: 2050 mm Connections: 400V / 50Hz / 10 HP Hsdpjy I Uh Ssfx Aicjfk Power: 4 kW Surface-hardened 4 rollers Variable bending and rolling speed Safety device with emergency stop switch Digital display of the 4-roller positions on the screen

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, actuation type: hydraulic, controller manufacturer: Siemens, controller model: Smart Line, number of rollers: 4, roller (bottom) diameter: 190 mm, roller (top) diameter: 210 mm, side roll diameter: 180 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 8 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 8 mm, power: 11 kW (14.96 HP), input voltage: 400 V, number of digital displays: 1, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: documentation/manual, emergency stop, DIGIMA W12-8x3200 Hydraulic Four-Roll CNC Plate Rolling Machine The DIGIMA W12-8x3200 is a hydraulic four-roll CNC plate rolling machine designed for accurate, repeatable and efficient sheet-metal forming. With a working width of 3200 mm, it is suitable for producing large cylindrical parts, sleeves, pipes, curved sections, housings, tanks and other technical components used in metalworking, steel construction, ventilation, machinery manufacturing and industrial production. The four-roll system provides a major advantage over conventional three-roll machines. The sheet is held securely between the upper and lower rolls, while the two side rolls perform the pre-bending and rolling operations. This arrangement allows both edges of the sheet to be pre-bent without removing and turning the workpiece, reducing handling time and limiting the length of straight sections left at the ends. The result is improved repeatability, higher productivity and more consistent part geometry. The W12-8x3200 can roll sheet metal up to 8 mm thick and perform pre-bending up to 6 mm. Its 3200 mm working length enables the processing of wide sheets for both one-off jobs and series production. The upper roll has a diameter of 210 mm, the lower roll 190 mm, and the side rolls 180 mm. The minimum rolling diameter is 400 mm, allowing the machine to produce a wide range of cylindrical and curved components. The hydraulic drive ensures smooth, stable movement and reliable clamping force throughout the forming process. The 11 kW motor provides the power required for regular industrial operation, while the rolling speed of 4 m/min supports efficient production without compromising process control. The rigid machine body and carefully arranged roll system help guide the material accurately and reduce unwanted deformation. Computerised CNC control makes the machine convenient to set up and operate. The operator can control roll movements, monitor the forming process and reproduce previously established settings for recurring jobs. This is especially useful in batch production, where the same diameter, radius and dimensions must be achieved repeatedly. The control panel also helps reduce setup time and simplifies everyday machine operation. The operating sequence is straightforward. First, the sheet is inserted and stabilised between the rolls. The side rolls then pre-bend the sheet edges, minimising flat ends. Finally, the material is passed through the roll system until the required tube, sleeve, arc or cylindrical shape is obtained. The machine can also be used for forming conical components by applying a controlled inclination of the rolls. Hjdeznw T Ujpfx Aicjfk Thanks to its wide working capacity and computer-controlled operation, the machine can be used in flexible workshop production as well as organised manufacturing processes. It is suitable for companies producing ventilation ducts, structural elements, machine covers, tanks, steel sleeves and custom-made components. Repeatable CNC settings are particularly valuable when several identical parts must be formed with the same diameter and curvature.