Used Hurco Hurco Vmx 24 for sale (10,170)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, HURCO CNC Machining Centre VMX 24 i Travels X-axis (mm): 610 Y-axis (mm): 508 Z-axis (mm): 610 Main Spindle Spindle taper (DIN 69871): SK 40 Max. spindle speed (rpm): 12,000 Bdjdpfxsxvtihj Aa Ish Max. spindle power (kW): 9 Max. spindle torque (Nm): 95 Feed Rapid traverse X/Y/Z-axis (m/min): 38 / 38 / 32 Tool Changer Magazine positions / optional: 30 Max. tool diameter (mm): 80 Max. tool length (mm): 300 Max. tool weight (kg): 7 Additional Data Required installation space (mm) (doors open, incl. control unit and chip conveyor): 3,930 x 4,041 x 2,725 Machine weight (kg): 4,750 Coolant tank capacity (l): 367 Scraper belt conveyor: Standard Technical specifications subject to change without prior notice.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, Due to liquidation, this machine is now available. Condition: very good. Regularly maintained. Bdjdpfx Aozzlqhoa Ijh Immediately available. Hurco VMX24t incl. KITAGAWA rotary table Year of manufacture: 2011 Number of axes: 5 X-axis travel: 610 mm Y-axis travel: 510 mm Z-axis travel: 610 mm 24-position tool changer Electric handwheel Internal cooling system Winmax control

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Hurco VMX 24 vertical machining centre was manufactured in 2001. It features X, Y, and Z travels of 610 mm each and a tool holder sk40. If you are looking to get high quality milling capabilities consider the Hurco VMX 24 machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. • Spindle hours: 6,540 hours • New spindle was fitted in April 2021 Bdsdpfx Aozvl Snja Ioh • Chip conveyor is located within the working area • The axes were re-measured during the installation of the new spindle and found to be in order Optional Equipment • SK 40 holders • CNC high-pressure clamps (Allmatic and Homge) • Tall cabinets with cutter heads Technical Specification Taper Size SK 40

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2006, TECHNICAL DATA Travel X 610 mm Travel Y 510 mm Travel Z 610 mm Table dimensions 760 x 510 mm Table clamping surface 760 x 510 mm T-slots 5 x 18 mm x 100 mm Distance spindle to table min./max. 150/760 mm Bedpfxer Ar N Uo Aa Ijdh Spindle holder steep taper DIN 69871 ISO 40 Spindle speeds 10 - 10,000 rpm Torque (at 500 rpm) 142 Nm Drive power (30 min/const. ED) 7.5 kW Ball bearing mounted linear guides in X,Y,Z axes Coolant tank 150 l Rapid traverse for X/Y/Z axis 30/30/20 m/min Feed rates programmable 3.0 - 7600 mm/min Positioning accuracy +/- 0.010 mm Repeat accuracy +/- 0.005 mm Milling feed in mm/min 3.0 - 11'400 Table load 700 kg Automatic tool changer with double arm 24 stations Max. tool diameter Tool diameter 80 mm Max. Tool length 300 mm Max. Tool weight 6.8 kg Machine weight 4100 kg Space requirement L x W x H (footprint) 3470 x 1980 x 2730 mm Power fuse 24 A Renishaw NC4 Laser

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, - ULTIMAX 4 control - toolchanger for 24 tools - coolant through spindle - chip screw - electronical hand wheel - measuring feeler Renishaw Technische Daten / technical details: Verfahrweg X / X-Travel 610 mm Verfahrweg Y / Y-Travel 510 mm Verfahrweg Z / Z-Travel 610 mm Tischgröße / table size 760x510 mm Werkzeugschaft / spindle taper SK40 Drehzahlbereich / spindle speed 10-10000 UpM /rpm Anzahl der Werkzeugplätze / tool places in ATC 24 fach Eilgang / rapid feed 30 m/min Bdsdpfxex D A Ddj Aa Ijh Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight 4700 Kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, functionality: unexamined, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, total height: 2,500 mm, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 2,400 mm, table length: 760 mm, table width: 510 mm, table load: 1,000 kg, For sale is a 3-axis CNC milling machine from the Hurco brand and the type VMX 24 Technical data: - Year of manufacture: 2001 - Control: Winmax 4 - X axis: 610.0 mm - Y axis: 510.0 mm - Z axis: 610.0 mm - Table length: 760.0 mm - Table width: 510.0 mm - Max. part weight: 1000.0 kg - Length: 2200.0 mm - Width: 2400.0 mm - Height: 2500.0 mm - Weight: 4700.0 kg - Number of tool pockets: 24.0 Pull bolts, which can be seen in pictures, are not part of the offer Transport and loading can be organized throughout Europe on request for an additional charge. Bdedpfx Asv Tcfkea Ijh Prices plus VAT Viewing possible by appointment. Contact us, our team will be happy to help you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machine purchase/sale PURCHASE/SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MUCH MORE. Do you need a high-quality but inexpensive metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours? For more information or contact options, visit us on our website

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, Hurco machining center VMX 24 i IKZ chip worm spindle mount Sk 40 Bdjdoudb I Tjpfx Aa Ieh

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, Hurco machining center VMX 24 condition see pictures Bdsdpjv Nzuisfx Aa Ieh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 18,571 h, functionality: fully functional, controller model: WINMAX, table width: 510 mm, table length: 760 mm, number of axes: 5, TECHNICAL DETAILS Table size: 760 x 510 mm Tool changer: 24 positions Bdedpfx Aexxlc Ssa Ieh MACHINE DETAILS Control: WINMAX Operating hours: 18,571 h EQUIPMENT Fully integrated 4th/5th axis Simultaneous milling 5th axis can be removed when not required

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, Control system: ULTIMAX4 DSM Table size: 762 x 510 mm Max. table load: 1350 kgs X-travel: 610 mm Y-travel: 510 mm Z-travel: 610 mm Spindle speed: 10000 rpm Spindle taper: SK40 Tool magazine: 24-station Bodjzuphqepfx Aa Iodh Drive power: 11 / 9.4 kW Power requirement: 400V, 32A Weight: 4300 kgs Dimensions (LxWxH): 2350 x 2600 x 2700 mm Accessories, equipment: - Software options: DXF, 3D, Pocket/Islands, Ultinet (network card), Ramp/Helical, rigid tapping - Chip auger - Coolant tank - Signal lamp - Machine mounts - Electrical MPG - Manuals in PDF Description:The machine is in good condition and operates precisely. It is being sold due to a new equipment acquisition.Please note that the machine must remain in operation until mid-to-late September.

Condition: used, A CNC machining center with T-slot table is offered. Control: HURCO Ultimax with dual-screen console. Equipped with several fixtures mounted on the machine table, coolant system and available HURCO documentation including training documentation for the Ultimax CNC control. Inspection possible by appointment. Bodpfx Aasz Hzd Se Ijdh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, operating hours: 73,420 h, controller manufacturer: HURCO, controller model: Ultimax, This 3-axis Hurco VMX 24 was manufactured in 2004, featuring a robust CNC control system, HURCO Ultimax. It offers a table size of 760 × 510 mm with a load capacity up to 850 kg. The spindle can reach speeds up to 15,000 rpm, and the machine includes a 24-position automatic tool changer. Ideal for detailed milling operations. Contact us for more information about this machine. Bedpfx Aeyb Da Aja Ijdh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: H-H20140, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, rotational speed (max.): 15,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: 610 mm Y-axis travel: 510 mm Z-axis travel: 610 mm Table size: 760 mm x 510 mm System: SK40 Speed: 15,000 rpm MACHINE DETAILS Machine weight: 4,700 kg Control: Ultimax EQUIPMENT 24-position tool changer Internal coolant supply (IKZ) Chip conveyor Electronic handwheel Bdedpfx Aasylk Eyo Ieh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 42,991 h, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, table load: 1,000 kg, overall weight: 4,700 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 9,000 W, number of axes: 5, This 5-axis Hurco VMX24t was manufactured in 2011. Ideal for complex and precise machining tasks, this vertical machining center offers advanced control technology and robust construction. Consider the opportunity to buy this Hurco VMX24t vertical machining center. Contact us for more information about this machine. Additional equipment • 24-fold changer • Chipping screw • Electrical handwheel Bdedpfx Aaox Enl Ej Ish • Incl. KITAGAWA round table • IHK 30 bar Machine Benefits Technical Machine Benefits • Table size: 760 x 510 mm • Spindle cooling: yes • Number of tool positions in atc: 24 Extra Information Machine still under power

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 9,409 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,524 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 660 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, table load: 2,000 kg, operating hours of spindle: 2,589 h, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, Hurco VMX60i | large 3-axis CNC machining center | ready for demonstration Bdedpfx Aoz D U S Rea Ijh We are selling our 3-axis machining center, the Hurco VMX60i. The machine was used for milling operations on steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, and plastics. It is currently powered and can be inspected on-site by appointment. The VMX60i is equipped with a spacious worktable. According to our documentation, the maximum permissible table load is 1,360 kg. We will provide interested parties with further technical data, equipment details, and operating hours based on the machine documentation. Tools, clamping devices, ZeroCLAMP zero-point clamping systems, and a programming workstation with CAD/CAM are also available. The scope and prices for these items will be agreed upon separately and are not included in the quoted machine price. Price for the machine: €49,000 (negotiable), net, ex works Leopoldshöhe. Inspection and functional demonstration by appointment. Disassembly, loading, and transport are the responsibility of the buyer. If you are interested, please send your contact information and telephone number.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Hurco VMX24 vertical machining centre was manufactured in 2004. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 610 mm and Y-axis travel of 508 mm, with a maximum spindle speed of 10,000 RPM. The machine includes advanced control options such as synchronous tapping and advanced velocity control. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the Hurco VMX24 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - CNC Control: Ultimax (Dual-screen console configuration)- System Software Version: 2.37.03e (Patch j) Oct 7 2013- Machine Class: Vertical- Machine Hour Meter: 0.0 (System screen value)- Spindle Hours: 10,500 h (Per text listing)- X-Axis Travel Limit (Plus): 610 mm- X-Axis Travel Limit (Minus): 0 mm- Y-Axis Travel Limit (Plus): 508 mm- Y-Axis Travel Limit (Minus): 0 mm- Z-Axis Travel Limit (Plus): 0 mm- Z-Axis Travel Limit (Minus): -610 mm- Maximum Spindle Motor Speed: 10000 RPM- Maximum Spindle Tool Speed: 10000 RPM- Maximum Rapid Traverse: 30000 mm/min- Maximum Contouring Feedrate: 15240 mm/min- AC Voltage: 400 V, 3-Phase- Frequency: 50 Hz- Largest Motor Rating: 7.5 kVA- Full Load Rating: 18 kVA- Interrupt/Breaking Capacity: 10000 Amps- Country of Manufacture: Taiwan- Control Options Installed: 1. Pocket with Islands, 2. DXF, 3. Synchronous Tapping, 4. UltiNet, 5. Advanced Velocity Control, 6. Ramp/Helix Entry- Structural Upgrades: New bearings fitted on X and Y axes- Exclusions: Vise, tools, and other shown accessories are not included Bedpfx Aaezc R Atj Iedh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 9,000 h, travel distance X-axis: 610 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, controller manufacturer: HURCO, controller model: WinMax / MAX5, table width: 508 mm, table length: 760 mm, table load: 1,500 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 9,000 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis Hurco VMX 24i was manufactured in 2015. It features an X-axis travel of 610 mm, Y-axis travel of 508 mm, and Z-axis travel of 610 mm. The machine includes a robust table size of 760 x 508 mm and a maximum table load of 1,500 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the Hurco VMX 24i vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - Tool Holder: SK40 / CAT40- Max. Torque: 95 Nm- Max. Tool Diameter: 80 mm- Max. Tool Length: 300 mm- Max. Tool Weight: 7 kg- Rapid Traverse X/Y: 38 m/min- Rapid Traverse Z: 32 m/min- Additional Equipment: Automatic centralized lubrication, Chip flushing system, Scraper belt conveyor, Coolant unit, Electronic handwheel, Network connection- Included in Delivery: CNC milling machine Hurco VMX 24i- Excluded Items: Vise, tools, clamping devices, other accessories Bdodpfx Aezc Rzija Ieh

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, controller model: WinMax, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range, X-axis: 762 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 508 mm Travel range, Z-axis: 610 mm Bsdpfx Aoz Ahx Dsa Ijdh Spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Table area: 1,020 × 510 mm Table load capacity: 1,500 kg MACHINE DETAILS Control system: WinMax EQUIPMENT Internal cooling system (ICS) Fourth axis

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, Hurco VMX 30 T vertical machining center 3-axis Year: 2007 Controller WINMAX DSM Double screen Table size 1020 x 510 mm Table load max 1350 kgs X travel 762 mm Y travel 510 mm Z travel 610 mm Spindle speed 12000 rpm Spindle taper SK40 Spindel power 11/15 kW Weight 4900 kgs Dimensions LxWxH = 2300 x 2400 x 2600 mm Accessories/options: - Coolant tank - Spindle coolant unit - Chip conveyor Bdedpez H Nviefx Aa Ijh - software options Under power in our warehouse.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 32,300 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 660 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 406 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 24 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 24 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 24 m/min, nominal power (apparent): 11 kVA, controller manufacturer: Hurco, controller model: WINMAX, workpiece weight (max.): 340 kg, table width: 356 mm, table length: 762 mm, table load: 340 kg, overall weight: 2,900 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, operating hours of spindle: 32,300 h, spindle motor power: 11,000 W, spindle nose: CAT 40, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 20, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, 2010 Hurco VM10 CNC Milling Machine with CAT 40 Spindle, WINMAX Control 2010 Hurco VM10 Vertical Machining Centre with WINMAX CNC Control, CAT 40 spindle, 20-tool ATC and premium software package. Good condition. Delivery throughout Ireland, UK & Europe. Bdjdpfx Asziu Hzea Ijh Manufacturer: Hurco Model: VM10 Machine Type: 3 Axis Vertical Machining Centre Year: 2010 Hours: 32,300hrs Control: WINMAX Condition: Excellent For sale is a 2010 Hurco VM10 Vertical Machining Centre in good working condition, equipped with the renowned Hurco WINMAX CNC Control (Version V08.01.04.33) and a CAT 40 10,000rpm spindle. The Hurco VM10 is recognised worldwide as one of the most reliable and user-friendly vertical machining centres for precision CNC milling, toolroom machining, prototype manufacture, small batch production, mould making, and general engineering. With 32,300 machine hours, this machine remains an excellent opportunity for engineering companies looking for an affordable, high-quality used CNC machining centre from one of the industry's most respected manufacturers. Please note: No tooling is included with the machine. Technical Specifications Manufacturer: Hurco Model: VM10 Year: 2010 Machine Type: Vertical Machining Centre CNC Control: Hurco WINMAX Mill V08.01.04.33 Machine Hours: 32,300 Hours X Axis Travel: 660 mm Y Axis Travel: 406 mm Z Axis Travel: 508 mm Table Size: 762 × 356 mm Maximum Table Load: 340 kg Spindle Taper: CAT 40 Spindle Speed: 10,000 RPM Spindle Motor: 11 kW (15 HP Peak) Automatic Tool Changer: 20 Station ATC Rapid Traverse (X/Y/Z): 24 m/min Machine Weight Approx.: 2,900 kg Condition: Excellent Working Condition Tooling: No Tooling Included Installed WINMAX Software Options This machine is equipped with an excellent range of factory software options including: Advanced Verification Graphics DXF File Import NC Productivity Package Industry Standard NC Programming UltiPockets Rigid Tapping Helical Ramp Milling 3D Mold Package NC Conversational Merge Swept Surface Machining Select Surface Finish Quality These options significantly enhance programming flexibility, machining accuracy and production efficiency, making the VM10 suitable for both conversational programming and full ISO/G-Code machining. Notes: *Specifications are given in good faith but not guaranteed* Key Features Hurco WINMAX Conversational CNC One of the easiest CNC controls to learn and operate, allowing operators to quickly produce components without extensive G-Code programming. CAT 40 High-Speed Spindle The industry-standard CAT 40 spindle provides excellent tooling availability and rigidity for machining steel, aluminium, plastics, composites and engineering materials. 20 Station Automatic Tool Changer Fast automatic tool changes reduce machining time and improve production efficiency. Compact High-Performance Design Large machining travels combined with a compact footprint make the VM10 ideal for workshops where floor space is at a premium. High-Speed Precision Machining The 10,000 RPM spindle combined with rapid traverse rates enables efficient production while maintaining excellent surface finishes. Proven Hurco Reliability Hurco machining centres are recognised worldwide for their durability, ease of maintenance and excellent resale value. Machine Condition: Excellent Condition Fully operational Ready for immediate production No tooling included in sale Inspection welcome

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2020, Traverses X Y Z: 762 x 508 x 610mm, Table 1020 x 510mm, Bdodez Ha Ayopfx Aa Ieh Spindle speed 40 – 12000 rpm, Hurco Winmax 5 Control, Spindle taper DIN40, 30 ATC, Coolant, Low volt light, Swarf Conveyor

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, HURCO CNC machining center VMX 60 t X-axis 1,500 mm Y-axis 660 mm Z-axis 600 mm Table size 1,680 x 660 mm Spindle speed 12,000 rpm Tool holder SK40 Tool changer, 24 positions Equipped with WinMax control Includes: Internal coolant system (IKZ) Spindle cooler Coolant spray gun Chip splash guard cabin Signal light for machine operating status Flushing system to assist with chip removal Machine lamp Bdjdpfxjxvtfpo Aa Ioh Set of machine leveling pads Machine manual on CD 2 color screens (text + graphics) Simulation graphics Tool and material library Detachable electronic handwheel Pocket milling with islands Synchronous tapping (thread cutting without compensating chuck)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, operating hours: 16,651 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: M342-06204054DFA, travel distance X-axis: 760 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 610 mm, feed length X-axis: 760 mm, feed length Y-axis: 510 mm, feed length Z-axis: 610 mm, feed rate X-axis: 30 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 30 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 20 m/min, nominal power (apparent): 18 kVA, torque: 236 Nm, controller manufacturer: Hurco, controller model: Ultimax 4, workpiece length (max.): 1,020 mm, workpiece width (max.): 510 mm, workpiece height (max.): 610 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 750 kg, total height: 2,700 mm, total length: 280 mm, total width: 2,300 mm, table width: 510 mm, table height: 850 mm, table length: 1,020 mm, table load: 1,000 kg, rotational speed (min.): 10 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, overall weight: 4,500 kg, spindle speed (min.): 10 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, coolant supply: 6 bar, spindle nose: Steilkegel Gr. 40, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, Excellent condition: Hurco VMX 30 with extremely low operating hours! For sale is a very well-maintained, vertical 3-axis machining center, a Hurco VMX 30, manufactured in 2004. The machine is in exceptionally good condition for its age. As can be easily seen from the operating hours, the machine has only been used very little by us. It was used exclusively for light-duty operation/toolmaking and was not subjected to heavy series production. The mechanical components (guideways, ball screws, and spindle) are correspondingly only slightly worn and offer high precision. The machine is equipped with the popular Ultimax 4 dual-screen control system, which is highly regarded worldwide for its extremely fast and easy dialog programming directly on the machine. Bdodpfezudd Tsx Aa Ish

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, x-travel 1.060 mm y-travel 610 mm z-travel 610 mm control Winmax 9 (Upgrade) table-size 1.270 x 610 mm Bodpfx Aasx R Enho Isdh max. table load 1.100 kg number of T-slots 5 T-slot - width 18 mm T-slot - distance 100 mm turning speed range - milling ~ 10.000 U/min power capacity - milling spindle 18 / 11 kW tool taper SK 40 Tool changer 24 pos. max. tool diameter 80 mm max. tool-dia with free toolbox 120 mm max. tool length 300 mm max. tool weight 7 kg feed ~ 15,4 m/min rapid traverse X-axis 30 m/min rapid traverse Y-axis 30 m/min rapid traverse Z-axis 20 m/min weight of the machine ca. 7,0 t dimensions of the machine ca. 3,5 x 3,2 x 3 m Machining Center - Vertical HURCO VMX 42

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2010, HURCO CNC Machining Center VMX 30 U with WinMax control Bdodpfsxvtf Asx Aa Ieh Travel distances in mm: X-axis 1060 Y-axis 610 Z-axis 520 Integrated rotary and swivel axis: Coolant system Rinsing system to support chip removal Chip splash-guard enclosure Coolant spray gun Signal light for machine operating status Work area machine lamp Set of leveling pads Machine manual on CD includes: WinMax control 2 color screens (text + graphics) 2 software modules (1 x conversational programming at the machine + 1 x for ISO code programming via external programming device or CAD/CAM system through RS-232 C or V 24 interface)