Used Fritz Heckert Thread Milling And Gear Hobbing Machine for sale (75,647)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1967, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 150:10486, gear diameter: 150 mm, total height: 1,400 mm, total width: 800 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 150 mm, spindle speed (max.): 1,000 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 112 rpm, overall weight: 1,300 kg, tool diameter: 50 mm, For sale is a reliable Koepfer 150 gear hobbing machine. This machine is ideally suited for the economical production of spur gears, pinions, and other types of gears, both for individual parts and for series production. Isdpfxezfhyyj Adqotk

Year of construction: 1984, condition: ready for operation (used), A Pfauter vertical CNC gear hobbing machine is available. Modules min./max.: 1/3, max. workpiece diameter: 150mm, max. tooth width: 150mm, milling head tilt: +/-45°, milling cutter axis-table axis distance: 10mm-160mm, table diameter: 160mm, table bore: 63mm. Tool holder: SK40, max. cutter diameter: 130mm, max. cutter length: 220mm, speed: 600rpm, feed: 1500mm/min, tangential path: 170mm, rapid traverse: 3m/min. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 4000mm/3000mm/2500mm, weight: approx. 6500kg. On-site inspection is possible. Isdswkih Ejpfx Adqjtk

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, wheel diameter: 275 mm, wheel width: 150 mm, travel distance X-axis: 640 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 870 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 275 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Wheel diameter: 275 mm Wheel width: 150 mm Maximum module: 6 Minimum module: 1.5 Workpiece diameter: 275 mm Maximum face width: 5.5 mm Spiral angle: 0 - 60° Number of teeth: 5 - 120 Iodpfxoywgy So Adqetk Minimum gear ratio: 1:1 Maximum gear ratio: 1:10 Milling Depth Axis (X-Axis) Travel: -25 to 640 mm Max. traverse speed: 6 m/min Workpiece Positioning Axis (Y-Axis) Travel: 870 mm Max. traverse speed: 4.5 m/min Axis Shift (Z-Axis) Travel range: +/- 50 mm Max. traverse speed: 0.657 m/min Generating Rotation Axis (A-Axis) Swivel range: 315° Max. swivel speed: 40°/s Workpiece Spindle (B-Axis) Max. workpiece spindle speed: 300 rpm Outer cone (1:4) clamping diameter: 140 mm Inner cone (1:20): 99.218 mm Workpiece spindle bore: 90 mm Workpiece Swivel Axis (C-Axis) Swivel range: -8.5 to 98° Max. swivel speed: 21.5°/s Tool Spindle (D-Axis) Spindle speed: 60 to 350 rpm Tool Positioning Axis (E-Axis) Swivel range: 0 to 360° Max. swivel speed: 19.5°/s Machine Distance (V-Axis) Travel: 150 mm Max. traverse speed: 1.6 m/min MACHINE DETAILS Cutter drive motor Power: 20 kW Workpiece drive Power: 14.5 kW Total connected load: 62 kVA Dimensions & Weight Machine weight: approx. 12 t Space requirement: approx. 4,700 x 4,387 x 2,450 mm EQUIPMENT 13 cutters

Condition: used, Thread rolling machine UPWS 25. Iedpfx Ajzd Rf Njdqjtk

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NX1102193, SPECIFICATION Table size 1244 x 230mm Longitudinal traverse 700mm Isdpfx Adey S Shwjqetk Cross traverse 300mm Vertical traverse 405mm Quill travel 125mm Quill feeds 0.045-0.086mm/rev Quill diameter 86mm Quill taper R8 Spindle motor 2.2kW Spindle speeds (inf. Variable) 50-3500rpm Weight 1200Kg Machine in Metric execution MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH Sino 3 axis DRO system Longitudinal power feed One shot centralised lubrication system Low voltage halogen worklight Spindle guard Coolant system

Condition: used, Mecof CNC Bed Type Milling Machine x 9000mm Itjdpfoy N Amxjx Adqek Key Specifications Manufacturer Mecof Condition Used Stock Number 00265 Table Size 9000 mm × 2200 mm X-Axis Travel 7200 mm Y-Axis Travel 1008 mm Z-Axis Travel 2040 mm Universal Head Heidenhain TNC 426 CNC Control Hand Wheel

Year of construction: 2001, condition: excellent (used), JAROMA DFOA II MILLING MACHINES Producer JAROMA Machine model / type DFOA II Year of production 2001 Category of machines. MILLING MACHINES Location Gorzów Wlkp. Conditions of delivery PERSONAL COLLECTION Cost of delivery Customer cover Startup type Isdpfx Adoh S Uhfeqjtk to be agreed Description Remarks JAROMA DFOA edge milling machine In stock - Polish production - Year of production 2001 - unpainted The DFOA-II milling machine is designed to mill the excess veneer to the thickness of the rectilinear or curvilinear element. The veneered side must be perpendicular to the surface, it can also be at an angle of 0-45o or rounded with a radius of R 15-20.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Horizontal gear hobbing machine with master hob, Precimo model HR 3-ND-15. Maximum workpiece diameter: 250 mm. Maximum module: 7. Maximum diameter for module 7: 135 mm. Maximum diameter 250 mm for module 5. Maximum hobbing length: 335 mm. Minimum number of teeth to cut: z6. Maximum distance between centers: 735 mm. Maximum hob speed: 435 rpm. Estimated weight: 3500 kg. Iodpfx Adjy Swl Uoqjtk

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, These machines are marketed as 2 opp machines and very good they are too but we consider them to be great little 1st opp machine in its own right. can be demonstrated Remarkable capacity for such a small machine. Machine has 6 tool holders Year: 2016 Control: ProtoTrak TMX Iedpoydvzdjfx Adqjtk Table Size: 457 x 381mm ‘X’ axis Travel: 355mm ‘Y’ axis Travel: 305mm ‘Z’ axis Travel: 455mm Spindle Speeds: 50 – 6000 RPM Spindle Taper: BT 30 Tool magazine capacity: 8 station Dimensions w x d x h: 760 x 1220 x 2585mm Weight: 1,100 kg can be demonstrated if required

Condition: good (used), max. wheel diameter 600 mm max. module 6 range L-W-H 2540 x 1500 x 1920 mm table diameter 160 mm weight of the machine ca. 3,6 t High-performance gear hobbing machine Tooth helix angle 15° Tooth width 270 mm Wheel diameter 620 mm Tooth helix angle 30° Tooth width 250 mm Wheel diameter 610 mm Tooth helix angle 45° Tooth width 200 mm Wheel diameter 500 mm Tooth angle 60° Tooth width 100 mm Wheel diameter 450 mm Maximum cutter diameter 105 mm Maximum cutter width 115 mm Clamping table diameter 420 mm Bore of clamping table 75 mm Itjdpfxsy E Twge Adqok Depth of bore below table surface — mm Diameter of workpiece clamping wheel 450 mm of clamping mandrel 30 mm of milling mandrels 22–27–32 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, XYZ 2-OP Vertical Machining Centre ProtoTRAK TMX Control (2015) Year of Manufacture: 2015 Spindle Speeds to 6,000rpm Spindle Taper BT30 Table Size 457 x 381mm Table Travels 355 x 305 x 455mm (XYZ) 6 Station ATC Rapid Traveres 15m/min Footprint 760 x 1,220 x 2500mm Weight 1100kgs 415V Electrics Air Require for ATC For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79155 Itodsya H Nkspfx Adqsk Machine Serial Number: SOP02060 Cost: £17,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1995, functionality: fully functional, The perfect retrofit machine! Mechanically in phenomenal condition! This machine can be inspected under power until 12.05.2026 and will then be dismantled due to space constraints. Please refer to the attached KLINGELNBERG inspection reports available for download. Gleason P 800 Year of manufacture: 1995 Control: SIEMENS 840 C (discontinued) Condition: Mechanically in excellent condition Functionality: Fully operational Inspection: Available under power Technical Data: Nominal workpiece diameter: 800 mm Max. workpiece diameter: 800 mm Max. workpiece diameter, special version: 1,200 mm Nominal module: 20 / 30 mm Nominal module, special version: 25 / 35 mm Drive power: 35 kW Drive power, special version: 52 kW Cutter head speed range: 20 - 200 rpm Cutter head speed range, special version: 26 - 265 rpm Additional cutter head speed range, special version: 36 - 360 rpm Cutter head swivel range: +30 / -45 degrees Cutter head dimensions (standard cutter head), diameter/length: 350 / 375 mm Iedpfx Adey Hfm Neqotk Min./max. center distance workpiece/tool: 50 / 600 mm Center distance workpiece/tool, special version: 50 / 800 mm Max. axial slide travel: 700 mm Max. axial slide travel, special version: 1,000 mm Max. axial slide travel, special version: 1,300 mm Lowest cutter head position above table: 450 mm Table diameter: 800 mm Table bore diameter: 245 mm Table bore depth: 875 mm Max. table speed: 15 rpm Max. table load: 10,000 kg Machine dimensions: Width A: 5,800 mm Length B: 6,900 mm Height C: 4,700 mm Machine weight: 22,000 kg Regarding the current KLINGELNBERG gear inspection data BEFORE grinding: "Pitch and lead are inconspicuous. One measurement shows a borderline or slightly out-of-tolerance fHα deviation in the profile. Please check whether this value is permissible according to the drawing/customer approval or if correction/rework is required. The gears were always forwarded for grinding to the RZ 1000 REISHAUER and processed accordingly. Nevertheless, overhaul of the C-axis is recommended. A cost estimate from GLEASON PFAUTER LUDWIGSBURG is available. Estimated cost: 10,000 EUR."

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, control Siemens Sinumerik 840 D weight 57.000 kg voltage 400 V Gleason PFAUTER CNC gear hobbing machine P 2400/2800 for gear cutting of cylindrical and worm gears as well as all other regularly occurring rollable profiles and shapes on the cylindrical workpiece circumference. Large gear hobbing machines from Gleason offer maximum productivity for roughing and finishing cylindrical gears for many industries: wind turbines, industrial gearboxes, mining and shipbuilding, gear machining and many more. The power range of the drive takes future tool developments into account. Of course, the gear hobbing head drive is also backlash-free. These machines are particularly well suited for use with state-of-the-art, cutting materials, regardless of whether dry or wet machining is preferred. Itjdpowzyp Isfx Adqjk The machine can be used for dry or wet machining and is also equipped with the appropriate chip conveyor for both machining methods. The machine is equipped with an internal profile milling head as a motorised milling head. --> Working range and technical data Nominal workpiece diameter: 2.400 mm --> Largest millable diameter approx.: 2.800 mm --> Smallest/largest distance between cutter and workpiece axis: 100/1.200 mm --> Largest axial slide travel (special design): 1.300 mm --> Largest clampable cutter (internal milling head): --> Diameter max: 440 mm --> Max. cutter width: 90 mm --> Swivel range of the internal profile milling head/vertical axis: +/- 15° --> Milling mandrel taper: HSK-B160 --> Maximum milling cutter travel: 300 mm --> Table diameter: 2.500 mm --> Part wheel diameter: 2.200 mm --> Table bore --> Diameter: 800 mm --> Depth: 875 mm --> Maximum table load approx.: 40.000 kg --> Max. feed and rapid traverse speeds: --> axial (Z-axis): 4.000 mm/min --> radial (X-axis): 3.000 mm/min --> tangential (Y-axis): 3.000 mm/min --> Milling cutter cooling lubrication device/electric centrifugal pump: approx. 150 l/min --> Increased drop height of magnetic chip conveyor: 1,600 mm --> Increased main stand: 1,300 mm axial slide travel --> Internal profile milling head as motor milling head instead of standard motor milling head --> Max. millable profile depth in steel with approx. 600 N/mm² strength: approx. 65 mm --> Infinitely variable milling speed: 50 - 150 min?¹ --> Max. milling cutter diameter: 440 mm --> Min. milling cutter base circle diameter: 310 mm --> Max. milling cutter width: 90 mm --> Min. internal diameter at 0° bevel angle: 800 mm+) --> Max. workpiece height at 0° bevel angle: 600 mm --> Max. workpiece ring thickness (including clamping device): 500 mm

Condition: used, Guide rail and surface grinding machine WMW FRITZ HECKERT Aschersleben Type SZ 1000 x 1250 x 3000 / 344 Manufacturer's No. 13.2236.2 Year of manufacture 1989 Nominal grinding area 3000 x 1250 mm Table clamping surface 3240 x 1000 mm Grinding length max. 3300 mm Processing width 1250 mm Processing height 1250 mm Grinding wheel diameter (surface grinding support) max. 600 mm Grinding wheel width (surface grinding support) max. 100 mm Grinding wheel diameter (swiveling support) max. 450 mm Mains connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz - Swiveling grinding support, motor power 16.5 kW, infinitely variable speed - Grinding support for surface grinding, motor power 15 kW, infinitely variable speed - New electrical control system, based on SIEMENS S7, year of manufacture 2001 - New electrical control cabinet located nearby, year of manufacture 2001 - Infinitely variable grinding wheel speed on both grinding supports - Swiveling grinding spindle for guide rail and profile grinding Iodpfehv A A Djx Adqstk - Control panel swiveling and height-adjustable - Coolant system located nearby - Hydraulic system located nearby - Oil circulation lubrication system located nearby - Various grinding wheels and arbors Space requirement (complete) L x W x H 11900 x 7700 x 4600 mm Weight 45 tons Very good condition

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, Clausing Colchester 4VSQ MLLPWR CNC Turret Milling Machine Acu-rite Mill Power 3 Axis CNC Control Table Size 1370 x 254mm Travels: X – 1050mm Y – 390mm Z (Quill) – 115mm Z (Knee) – 355mm Vari Speed Head Spindle Taper IS040 Spindle Speeds Low 60 – 500rpm Spindle Speeds High 55 – 4300rpm Weight: 1850Kgs 3 Phase Electrics Manufactured: 2018 Complete with: Vice Interlocking Table Guards Air Draw Bar Tooling Packaged (ISO40) Power Rise and Fall to Knee Auto Lube Worklight Coolant & Swarf Guards / Tray *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Iodox Af I Aspfx Adqstk Jet Machinery Stock No: #79028 Machine Serial Number: TC0015 Cost: £12,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1983, functionality: fully functional, Max diam 750mm, Z axial travel 900mm, X Radial travel 380mm, table 630mm, CNC Siemens 802D in Z and X. Weight ca 14.000kg Iodpezbt Iijfx Adqjtk

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ 1500 Turret Milling Machine (Ex College) 2 Axis Newhall DRO Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 3500rpm Table Size 1069 x 228mm X – 610mm Y – 305mm Iedpfx Ajy N Ak Rjdqotk Knee Travel: Z – 362mm 415V Electrics Year 2014 Serial Number 103080 Stock Number 2867

Condition: ready for operation (used), Gear shaping machine STANKO 5M150 Max. diameter of gears that can be cut: 800 mm Max. module: 12 mm Max. cutter stroke: 200 mm Saddle indexing gear diameter: 360 mm Distance between axes (tool and table): 0-700 mm Largest tool diameter: 200 mm Cutter arbor diameter: 44.443 mm Taper: M5 Table diameter: 800 mm Distance from floor to table: 870 mm Indexing gear diameter: 762 mm Itedpfxsqcvkve Adqsk Table hole diameter: 120A mm Double stroke per minute (s.p.m.): 33-188 mm Range of table feed rates per cutter double stroke: -Circular: 0.2-1.5 mm -Radial: 1-5.4 mm Table rapid rotation speed: 1.7 rpm Table rapid travel speed: 137 mm/min Cutter rapid rotation speed: 3 rpm Main electric motor power: 4.8; 5.7; 7.5 kW Dimensions: 3100x1800x3500 mm Weight: 10200 kg

Condition: good (used), max. wheel diameter 145 mm gear width 110 mm max. module 2 min. module 0,3 turning speeds 112 - 1000 U/min min. number of teeth 6 clamping length max. 150 mm total power requirement 3,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 1,3 t dimensions of the machine ca. 1,3 x 0,8 x 1,4 m Itedpfx Adoy Ivdhsqjk

Condition: good (used), max. wheel diameter 630 mm Itodpsua It Uofx Adqjk gear width 375 mm max. module 10 clamping table 550 mm table hole 125 mm milling spindle speeds infinitely variable 62 - 390 U/min taper MORSE 5 axial-feeds 0,40 - 6,80 mm/U radial feeds 0,10 - 1,76 mm/U dist. cutter spindle - workpiece spindle 50 - 425 mm no. of teeth min. 8 milling cutter dia. x width 192 / 215 mm shifting 200 mm main drive motor 7,5 kW total power requirement 21 kVa weight of the machine ca. 8,2 t Equipment of the machine: - Universal milling head with tangential displacement - Pressure reducing valve for counterholder - Magnetic chip transport - Year of construction approx. 1976

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, Technical details: max. wheel diameter: 80/120 mm max. module: 2,5 max. top circle diameter: 65 mm : 22 mm : 140 mm : 120 mm slide travel axial ( Z-axis ): 320/400 mm Dimensions (L/W/H): 3270 x 3240 x 2020 mm weight of the machine ca.: 6 t P60 - The compact all-rounder for wheels, shafts and worms The P60 is the smallest machine in the Gleason line of horizontal hobbing machines. The all-rounder not only mills spur gears with all rollable profiles, but is also the optimal solution for machining steering pinions and worms. with automatic loading system, extraction unit, chip conveyor, with balancing device with 2 tailstocks, with Artec process monitoring system, type CTM-BT1.1 Ijdpjxrwpkefx Adqjtk *

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, feed length X-axis: 500 mm, feed length Y-axis: 350 mm, feed length Z-axis: 350 mm, travel distance X-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 350 mm, feed rate X-axis: 25 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 25 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 25 m/min, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 50 rpm, total height: 2,500 mm, total width: 5,200 mm, total length: 2,700 mm, table width: 375 mm, table length: 600 mm, table height: 120 mm, type of input current: three-phase, table load: 250 kg, overall weight: 6,000 kg, input voltage: 400 V, workpiece weight (max.): 250 kg, distance table to spindle center: 500 mm, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, 1997 Heckler & Koch BA 18 – 4 Axis CNC Machining Centre – Siemens Sinumerik Machine Manufacturer: Heckler & Koch Model: BA 18 Machine Type: 4 Axis Machining Centre Year: 1997 Condition: Old but working well High-Precision German CNC Machining Centre for Sale in Ireland Used Machine Tools Ireland is pleased to offer this 1997 Heckler & Koch BA 18 4-Axis CNC Machining Centre, a robust German-built vertical milling and drilling centre renowned for accuracy, reliability, and heavy-duty construction. This machine is equipped with a Siemens Sinumerik CNC control, making it a solid choice for workshops requiring dependable CNC milling with integrated 4th-axis capability. Key Features & Highlights Heckler & Koch BA 18 CNC Machining Centre 4-Axis configuration Siemens Sinumerik CNC control Single spindle version Rigid German construction Automatic tool changer Ideal for precision milling & drilling Suitable for general engineering, toolmaking & production machining Technical Specifications – Heckler & Koch BA 18 (Single Spindle) General Machine type: Vertical Milling & Drilling Centre Axes: 4 Axis Control: Siemens Sinumerik Spindle type: Single spindle Tool holder: SK40 Itedpfsyatkbox Adqok Travels (Programmable Working Area) X-Axis: 500 mm Y-Axis: 350 mm Z-Axis: 350 mm Spindle & Performance Spindle motor power: 9 kW (40% duty) Spindle speed range: Infinitely variable 50 – 10,000 rpm Torque: 50 Nm (40% duty) 35 Nm (100% duty) Power transmission: Toothed belt drive Tool System Tool magazine: Chain magazine Tool capacity: 36 tools Tool change: Automatic Average chip-to-chip time: Approx. 5 seconds Maximum tool weight: 4 kg Maximum tool diameter: 63 mm (125 mm with free auxiliary positions) Maximum tool length: 225 mm Accuracy & Feed Rates Positioning tolerance (VDI/DGQ 3441): 0.020 mm Mean position variation (X/Y): 0.008 mm Feed rates (X / Y / Z): 0 – 25 m/min Feed force per axis: 5000 N Measuring system: Rotary encoder with glass scales Table & Load Maximum table load (including table weight): 250 kg Distance table left/right: 400 mm Table to spindle nose: Max: 500 mm (620 mm without table) Min: 150 mm (270 mm without table) Electrical & Utilities Connection voltage: 3 × 380/220 V, 50 Hz Connected load: Approx. 28 kVA Pneumatic supply: Max. 8 bar Sound level at rated operation: Approx. 78 dB(A) Dimensions & Weight Machine dimensions (L × W × H): Approx. 5200 × 2700 × 2700 mm Transport dimensions: Approx. 3600 × 2000 × 2500 mm Machine weight (incl. control cabinet): Approx. 6000 kg Ideal Applications Precision CNC milling Drilling & tapping operations Toolmaking & jig work Small to medium batch production General engineering workshops Why Buy From Used Machine Tools Ireland? Trusted Irish supplier of quality used CNC machinery Machines honestly described & professionally inspected Nationwide & export delivery available Competitive pricing Notes: *Specifications are given in good faith but not guaranteed*

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, GP300 CNC gear hobbing machine, WET AND DRY MACHINING available as required. Both options are freely selectable. Siemens 840D Solution Line, 5-axis system, suitable for shaft and disc-type workpieces. Max. Ø300 mm, max. module 6, swivel range ±45°, axial travel 440 mm, hobbing power 15 kW, HSK-B80, table Ø300 mm, direct drive, speed 90–900 rpm. High precision, digital drive technology (Sinamics S120), automatic head positioning 0.001°, linear guides, safety retraction, temperature compensation, full enclosure. Ijdpfxexqn Tqe Adqotk

Condition: excellent (used), max. wheel diameter 175 mm gear width 350 mm max. module 3 min. module 0,5 Itodpfx Ajznnitjdqjk weight of the machine ca. 0,9 t dimensions of the machine ca. 1,2 x 0,8 x 1,4 m

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, Ref. -No.: 10612 Manufacturer: LIEBHERR Type: LC 3002 Year of construction: 2004 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: LIEBHERR Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Germany Serial no.: 30XX Max. Module: 30 mm Min. Module: 4 mm Max. Workpiece Diameter: 3000 mm ambient temperature: +15...+38 ° cutting speed: 25 - 250 m / min Milling head swivel angle: 0,001 ° Resolution accuracy: 0,1 Degree Workpiece table load: 300 kN Operating voltage: 400 V control voltage: 24 V frequency: 50 Hz Max. rated current: 230 A Fuse in the supply line: 250 A Max. milling diameter spur gears/helical gears: 3.000 mm Further information: Itjdpjzc D A Tjfx Adqjk Suitable for internal and external gear cutting. The machine can be viewed by appointment.