Used Safety Cage Applicator, 8 for sale (48,262)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 2,025 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 25-168-T-402; 25-068-F-100-P, overall weight: 200 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, A Soco System packaging line is offered, consisting of an F-100-P bottom flap folding machine and a T-402-5-2-9 carton sealing machine. Minimum carton width: 320 mm, maximum carton width: 520 mm, maximum carton length: 900 mm, machine dimensions X/Y: approx. 750 mm/1150 mm. Soco T-402 5-8-7 carton sealing machine, carton length range: 200 mm-750 mm, carton width range: 120 mm-460 mm, carton height range: 95 mm-470 mm, sealing capacity: 18/min, maximum tape roll diameter: 385 mm, weight: approx. 200 kg. Includes safety guard and powered conveyor belt, 500 mm wide. The system is in new condition, was put into operation in January 2026, and has only operated for approximately 75 days in a single-shift operation. Documentation is available. An on-site inspection is possible. Bwedpfxezvp Uye Ah Nju

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 2,125 h, load capacity: 2,000 kg, lifting height: 4,700 mm, free lift: 1,610 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,120 mm, fork length: 1,200 mm, empty load weight: 3,500 kg, total length: 2,044 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 1,152 mm, Electric 4-wheel forklift Load center: 500 ISO class: ISO Class 2 = 1,000 - 2,500 kg Mast type: Triplex Technical condition: good Front tire type: Superelastic Front tire condition: 40 - 60% Rear tire type: Superelastic Rear tire condition: 40 - 60% Battery voltage: 48V Battery capacity: 420Ah Battery year of manufacture: 2020 Bwodpezu Dr Dsfx Ah Nsu Description: Thorough equipment cleaning, orange paint refresh, new black superelastic tires, new front rims, new roof cover, new auxiliary hydraulic hoses Side shifter, 3rd valve, 4th valve, rear work light, front work light, roof cover, windshield, impulse control, full free lift, CE certificate, safety light, safety pilot

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, For sale is one (1x) safety door switch with the article number 541010. Bedpfxszxpvpo Ah Newu This item comes from warehouse stock / spare parts stock. The optical condition can be seen in the attached images. We will gladly provide further technical documentation or detailed images upon request. Inspection and collection are possible by arrangement. Shipping is possible at the buyer's expense. Subject to prior sale, errors and changes.

Condition: used, mileage: 22,759 km, power: 130 kW (176.75 HP), first registration: 08/1995, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 6,930 kg, maximum load weight: 2,570 kg, overall weight: 9,500 kg, axle configuration: 4x4, wheelbase: 3,700 mm, fuel: diesel, color: red, driver cabin: other, gearing type: other, emission class: none, suspension: other, number of seats: 9, total length: 7,020 mm, Year of construction: 1995, operating hours: 101 h, construction height: 3,100 mm, Equipment: all wheel drive, trailer coupling, The used Iveco FF 95 E LF 8 is a robust fire engine with a 4x4 all-wheel drive and a double cab, ideal for operations in challenging terrain. The 1995 model offers swap loading and comes with a 620-litre fire water tank and an integrated FP 8/8 pump. It has a mileage of 22,759 km and first-class care behind it, which leaves it in excellent condition despite its age. Under the hood of the Iveco is a powerful diesel engine with 130 kW (177 hp) and a displacement of 5,860 cc, which provides the necessary Bedpfx Ajr Uzfueh Nowu power reserves, especially when fully loaded. The vehicle has a red paint job, measures 3,100 mm in height, 2,500 mm in width and 7,020 mm in length. With a wheelbase of 3,700 mm, the truck offers solid roadholding. The fire service vehicle has single tires and a permissible total weight of 9,500 kg. Inside, the double cab offers space for up to 9 people, making it ideal for larger teams. Overall, the Iveco is in good used condition, with only one previous owner and a low operating hour count of 101 hours. Double cab, box body with roller shutters, 620 l fire water tank, built-in pump FP 8/8. Only sold to tradespeople (agriculture, freelancers, small and large businesses) or export. Errors and prior sale reserved.

Condition: used, mileage: 27,180 km, power: 130 kW (176.75 HP), first registration: 03/1994, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 7,010 kg, maximum load weight: 2,490 kg, overall weight: 9,500 kg, axle configuration: 4x4, wheelbase: 3,700 mm, fuel: diesel, color: red, driver cabin: other, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: none, suspension: other, number of seats: 9, total length: 7,000 mm, Year of construction: 1994, operating hours: 154 h, construction height: 3,100 mm, Equipment: all wheel drive, differential lock, trailer coupling, The Iveco FF 95 E 18W LF 8/6 is a used fire engine with extensive features, ideal for use in demanding environments. This special-purpose vehicle has a robust 4x4 drive and a 5.9-liter diesel engine with an output of 130 kW (177 hp). The vehicle is equipped with a 6-speed manual transmission and offers space for up to nine people, making it perfect for emergency response teams. The equipment includes a rear-mounted FP8/8 pump and a water tank with a capacity of 600 liters. The vehicle has only 154 operating hours and a mileage of 27,180 km. The vehicle dimensions are 7,000 mm in length, 3,100 mm in height, and 2,500 mm in width, with a wheelbase of 3,700 mm. The permissible total weight of the vehicle is 9,500 kg. Bsdpsr Uzfqsfx Ah Nowu The vehicle was manufactured in 1994 and was well-maintained by its previous owner. It has the typical red paint finish for fire engines. Air dryer. Auxiliary heater. Rear pump FP8/8. Water tank 600L. 154 operating hours. Sale only to commercial businesses (agriculture, freelancers, small and large businesses) or for export. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 008244, Type of edging: Thin edge, Thick edge, Solid wood Gluing System: EVA Hotmelt, Laser Premilling Unit: yes Corner Rounding Unit: yes Bodsx Swgfopfx Ah Nswu Max feed speed: 18 m/min Maximum panel thickness: 60 mm Operating Units: 8 nr

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 1 h, functionality: fully functional, variable screw compressor ALMIG COMBI XP 8 (5 to 13 bar) include controller Air Control Basic Year of construction: 2025 Operatin hours: 1 Technical specifications Type: Combi XP 8 Possible operating pressures of the system (continuously adjustable): 5 - 13 bar Delivery quantity at minimum / maximum speed, measured according to ISO 1217 Appendix C. at 5 bar (g): 0.17 to 1.43 m³/min at 6 bar (g): 0.17 to 1.35 m³/min at 7 bar (g) : 0.17 to 1.25 m³/min at 8 bar (g) : 0.17 to 1.16 m³/min at 9 bar (g) : 0.17 to 1.07 m³/min at 10 bar (g) : 0.17 to 0.98 m³/min at 11 bar (g) : 0.17 to 0.89 m³/min at 12 bar (g) : 0.16 to 0.83 m³/min at 13 bar (g) : 0.16 to 0.75 m³/min Nominal power drive motor: 7,5 kW Degree of protection / insulation class drive motor: IP 23 Bjdpfx Asxqn Afoh Newu Operating voltage / frequency: 400/42-230 V / Hz Compressed air connection: 3/4“ G Length: 691 mm Width: 1051 mm Height: 1088 mm Weight: 350 kg Visit our store. We always have a large selection of new and used compressors in stock! Available immediately.

Condition: reconditioned (used), shovel volume: 1.8 m³, Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 1,900 h, Technical data: Machine type: Compact wheel loader Engine output: 69.8 kW / 94.9 HP Operating weight: 6,925 – 7,230 kg Tipping load, straight: 6,080 kg Emission standard: EU Stage V Bucket pivot point: 3,525 mm Standard bucket with welded-on cutting edge, approx. 1.8 cubic meters Special equipment: Rear counterweight 190 kg Bodpottvz Isfx Ah Nowu Tires Michelin 460/70R24

Year of construction: 2023, condition: like new (used), HHS cold glue applicator with 4 heads KFE-E-KP6-MEP 4x HD hose PTF-1/4″ + one spare head Bedpfxezzar Ho Ah Nswu Complete unit, new price: €17,000 The unit has only been used once and is otherwise in new condition.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Vertical packaging machine including dosing system(s) with 8 manufacturing lanes to produce "stick-packs" with back center sealing (alternativ: 3-/4-side sealing - surcharge applies) to pack normal liquids (water, vinegar, etc.) - OMRON PLC and colour touchscreen, auto diagnostics. AIRTAC pneumatic parts, OMRON temperatur PID, SCHNEIDER and OMRON electronic parts. Film pulling, AB converter control, stainless steel version (SS304), piston Pump with 60 liter hopper. - Specifications: max. speed of the machine in neutral: 8x60 cycles/minute; accuracy: +/-10%; suitable for all BOPP/PE and laminated films; bag sizes: L(50-350)xW(10-50)mm; power: 220V, 5.5kW; compressed air: 1.5m³/min, 6bar; machine dimensions: L1700xW1400XH1900mm; weight: 650kg. Bwsdpov Nmfaefx Ah Nou That machine/system is available in different versions for different packaging sizes and with different packaging speeds. Please note that our new prices are often below the usual used prices. Please feel free to inquire and tell us your packaging task. - Usually 30-50 different new machines are available immediately from stock. In addition, we have very short delivery times from approx. 3 weeks for customized machines. Deviations from the sample photo are possible. - All machines are available with full warranty.

Year of construction: 2025, condition: new, This machine is suitable for counting of candies, biscuits, nuts, vegetables, plant bulbs, and most solid granules. The counter is equipped with dust resistance photoelectric detection technology, multi detection and alarm control functions. The 8 tunnels belt feeding device ensures an evenly feeding and no breakage of products. The structure and design of the filling hopper prevents that the products getting jammed. Control via touch screen interface, menu in English available. - Specifications: number of feeding tracks: 8; capacity: according to customers samples, containers and filling quantity; working range: adjustable from 2-9999 per container; product sizes: min. Ø 10mm, max. Ø 60mm; large infeed hopper; compressed air: 6bar; power: 220V, 0.6-1.7kW; machine dimensions LxWxH: customized; weight: approx. 550kg. That machine/system is available in different versions for different packaging sizes and with different packaging speeds. Bwedpfx Ahov Nk Ixj Nsu Please note that our new prices are often below the usual used prices. Please feel free to inquire and tell us your packaging task. - Usually 30-50 different new machines are available immediately from stock. In addition, we have very short delivery times from approx. 3 weeks for customized machines. Deviations from the sample photo are possible. - All machines are available with full warranty.

Condition: excellent (used), Welding positioner, Focker Strähler, 8 tons 8000 kg load capacity with hand and foot remote control Bwjdpfx Ahsf Ezdns Nou Speed and inclination continuously adjustable 0.02 rpm to 1.1 rpm Diameter 1500 mm Height to center when tilted 1170 mm Height in horizontal position 1400 mm Length 2400 mm Width 1500 mm Condition: visually and technically flawless, runs very quietly.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 60,000 h, functionality: fully functional, feed rate X-axis: 12 m/min, workpiece weight (max.): 50 kg, working width: 1,350 mm, total length: 62,000 mm, total height: 2,800 mm, total width: 3,200 mm, type of input current: AC, working height: 120 mm, input voltage: 400 V, suction capacity: 36,000 m³/h, input current: 800 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, power: 440 kW (598.23 HP), compressed air connection: 6 bar, complete lacquering line: 1x Heesemann sander (LSM 8, 2006.10.251, 2006, 2x roller / 2x pads, ) 1x Safo brushing machne (2006, DCSF 135 2W) 1x Cefla lacquering spray Cabin (2012, Roctre D/HS) 3x Cefla hot air drying tunnel (2012, Aquadry LA ) 1x Cefla cold air drying tunnel (2012, Aquadry RLA) 1x UV lamp dryer ( 3lamps, UV-R SPM3/2500s) Bjdpfxev T Ttxs Ah Njwu 2x hydraulic lifters (200-900mm height)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: semi-automatic, actuation type: electric, controller manufacturer: Bodor, laser type: fiber laser, laser source manufacturer: Bodor, A compact design sheet fiber laser metal cutting machine with complete protection Small occupied space balances complete protection and higher safety. Each frame of the cutting machine bed is welded after mortise-and-tenon joint to achieve perfect mechanical property and better stability and firmness. The pull-out cutting machine table, with the electric table optional, saves space occupation and freshen up the user operation experience. Convenient and fast open&close with one click; The laser cutter door is safe and reliable, by using rack-pinion transmission mode combined with self-locking cutting machine system Fiber laser heads are able to detect jutting obstacles to effectively reduce the damage rate and save the maintenance cost of a laser cutter. Applicable Material: metal Condition: New Laser Type: Fiber Laser Laser Power: 1500W, 2000W, 3000W, 6000W, 12000W Cutting Area: 3048*1524mm Cutting Speed: 0-100m/min Positioning accuracy: ±0.05mm Bwjdpfxeikivis Ah Nou Repositioning accuracy: ±0.03mm Graphic Format Supported: AI, BMP, Dst, Dwg, DXF, DXP, LAS, PLT CNC or Not: Yes Cooling Mode: WATER COOLING

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, - RBO vacuum feeder – Tornado SC 1300 - HEESEMANN MFA 8 (transverse-longitudinal-longitudinal brushes) - HEESEMANN – Dust removal machine - Plus additional dust removal - BÜRKLE SLC 1400 – Roller coating machine - Spreading brush machine with air nozzles from above - BÜRKLE SLC 1400 – Roller coating machine - Spreading brush machine with air nozzles from above - HACKEMACK slit nozzle dryer - RBO – Vacuum stacker Oil application line Year of construction: 2001 Oil application line consisting of: RBO vacuum feeder – Tornado SC 1300 HEESEMANN MFA 8 (transverse-longitudinal-longitudinal brushes) HEESEMANN – Dust removal machine Plus additional dust removal BÜRKLE SLC 1400 – Roller coating machine Spreading brush machine with air nozzles from above BÜRKLE SLC 1400 – Roller coating machine Spreading brush machine with air nozzles from above HACKEMACK slit nozzle dryer Bjdpfx Ahezuzg Ej Nswu RBO – Vacuum stacker with new Siemens control system in 2024 Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information is provided for informational purposes only and is not binding.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, Adhesive application machine Manufacturer: Wirth Type: LW 120.5/1300 Year of manufacture: 2009 Technical data: - Roller width: 1300 mm - 2 rollers (application + metering) Bwodjzuzvyopfx Ah Nsu - 1 spare application roller Note: Cables cut. Special price: 1,000.00 EUR

Condition: used, CNC Press Brake BEYELER - BYSTRONIC Type PR 8 (2500 kN x 3100 mm) Press brake with 6-axis backgauge and CYBELEC control Serial No.: Year of manufacture: 2001 Pressing force: 250 tons Working length: 3100 mm Stroke: 365 mm Throat depth: 410 mm Clearance between side frames: 2750 mm Table width: 100 mm, 200 mm with table extension Table height above floor: 840 mm Backgauge X-axis: 620 mm travel Backgauge R-axis: 240 mm Approach speed: 200 mm/s Working speed: 1-10 mm/s Y rapid traverse: 200 mm/s Y working traverse: 1-10 mm/s Y return: 135 mm/s Oil capacity: approx. 400 liters Motor power: 18.5 kW Connected load: approx. 25 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 50 Amp. - 8 axis CNC control Cybelec DNC 1200 PS/A, X1 + X2 / R1 + R2 / Z1 + Z2 Bwsdpeya Iaqefx Ah Neu - 2 freely programmable backgauge fingers, laterally movable (Z1+Z2) - Backgauge (X-axis 620 mm) with 3 gauging points up to max. 1080 mm - Ram with servo valves and measuring system Y1 and Y2 - FIESSLER AKAS safety light barrier - Operation via electric foot switch and/or two-hand control panel - Hydraulic upper tool clamping (TRUMPF system) with 20 mm clamping slot - Tool holder for lower tool, height 160 mm x width 60 mm, with holder slot 14 x 23 mm - Tool system TRUMPF, without tools Space requirement (L x W x H): 0 x 2500 x 3400 mm Machine transport height: 3360 mm Weight: 17,000 kg Good condition

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, Catalog number 7974 TECHNICAL DATA - Inlet of the enlarged loading hopper: 1500x1730mm - Outlet for shredded wood: ø 200mm - Rotor working width: 990mm - Main motor: 22kW - Pump motor: 0.75kW - Number of knives: 54 pcs - Knife dimensions: 40x40mm - Mesh size: 20mm - Clamping slide - Electric auto-reverse - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2500x2200x2350mm - Weight: approximately 2000kg ADVANTAGES Bwsdpfozrnbwox Ah Nju - German production - Pulsating pusher - Halfway pusher - Fast/forward pusher – automatic adjustment of the clamping slide speed - Original DTR documentation + CE, year 2018 - Clamping slide - Auger – screw conveyor, responsible for chip transport - Auto-reverse - Used wood chipper, very good condition Net price: 115900 PLN Net price: 26950 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.30 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to significant fluctuations)

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007276, Max. panel width: 800 mm Max. panel length: 2500 mm Bwjdpfst H Tx Djx Ah Nju Max. panel stack height from the ground: 1650 mm Lifting capacity: 4500 Kg

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, As-new condition (only 5,000 m² of parquet processed so far), compact oil application line consisting of: Roller Application Unit: - For the application of oils, etc. - Touchscreen control - Manual height adjustment - Max. working width: 300 mm - Max. workpiece height: 50 mm - Membrane pump with max. capacity of 18 l/min - Frequency inverter for variable speed of application roller - Frequency inverter for variable speed of counter-roller - Conveyor belt speed adjustable: 3 to 14 m/min - Stainless steel recovery trays Pad Group + Brush Group: - For spreading and removing excess oils - Touchscreen control - Manual height adjustment - Conveyor belt speed adjustable: 3 to 14 m/min - Max. working width: 300 mm - Max. workpiece height: 50 mm - Pad diameter: 300 mm - Quick-change system for pads - Brush dimensions (L x D): 300 x 160 mm - Quick-change system for brushes UV / LED Unit: - Touchscreen control - Manual height adjustment - Max. working width: 300 mm - Max. workpiece height: 50 mm - UV-LED power: 12 Watt/cm² Bedpfxox Ah A Ae Ah Nswu - Incl. ventilation fan - Conveyor belt made of Kevlar fabric - Conveyor belt speed adjustable: 3 to 14 m/min Outfeed Conveyor Belt: - Length: approx. 2,500 mm - Max. working width: 300 mm - Conveyor belt speed adjustable: 3 to 14 m/min Note for used machinery: • Technical details and prior sale subject to change and errors. • Stated prices are ex works - free loading! • The machine has been cleaned and functionally tested. • All machines are sold as inspected, without any warranty claims. Buyers are free to inspect the machine at its location. • Special agreements are only valid in written form. (We only respond to enquiries with your address and telephone number!)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 7715 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. width of workpiece: 220mm - Max. height of workpiece: 130mm - 8 spindles: 1) Horizontal, lower: 220mm, 5.5kW 2) Vertical, right: 130mm, 7.5kW 3) Vertical, left: 130mm, 7.5kW 4) Vertical, right: 130mm, 5.5kW 5) Horizontal, upper: 220mm, 11kW – 5th spindle adjustable electrically, up/down 6) Horizontal, lower: 220mm, 5.5kW Bwodpfxezx Rlxe Ah Nou 7) Horizontal, lower: 220mm, 5.5kW – 7th spindle with support + Jointer system (cutterhead sharpening) 8) Universal: 220mm, adjustable 360°, 7.5kW - All spindles adjustable, up/down, left/right - Spindle diameter: 40mm – Top: - 6 infeed rollers, double-toothed, pull-type + 1 single - 3 outfeed rollers, pull-type, rubber, smooth, double + 3 single - Meter counter – Bottom: - 1 infeed roller, toothed, pull-type, swiveling in the lower table - 3 metal outfeed rollers, pull-type, smooth - Feed on Cardan shafts - Rollers with pneumatic pressure - Stepless feed speed adjustment + 2 speeds, 10-60m/min - Feed motor: 10kW - Electric adjustment of planing thickness - Body lifting motor: 0.75kW - Central lubrication of the table - Diameter of dust extraction nozzles: 5x140mm, 3x120mm - Machine dimensions (L/W/H): 4680x1780x1850mm - Control cabinet dimensions (on pallet): 1020x1000x2230mm - Weight: approximately 5000kg ADVANTAGES - 8 heads - Universal spindle - Ideal for both wet and dry wood - German production, WEINIG brand - Unpainted - Very few operating hours - Used planer, in perfect condition Net price: 125900 PLN Net price: 29280 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.30 EUR (Prices may change due to higher fluctuations)

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: FN3992632, Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 10,574 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 5,000 mm, mast type: triplex, Equipment: UVV, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Lifting height: 5,000 mm Load capacity: 1,400 kg MACHINE DETAILS Mast type: Triplex mast with full free lift Battery year of manufacture: 03/2024 Battery voltage: 24 V Battery capacity: 1,000 Ah Battery voltage at rest: 25.1 V Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,800 x 1,100 x 2,200 mm Own weight: 2,100 kg Bwsdpfxszz Htwo Ah Neu Service valid until: 05/2027 UVV (Occupational Safety Inspection) valid until: 05/2027 Operating hours: 10,574 h EQUIPMENT 3rd valve Triplex mast with full free lift Side shifter Comfort seat All dimensions are approximate values. No guarantee is given for typographical or measurement errors. Collection conditions: Side loading up to 6 tons is possible with a large forklift on site. Loading is at your own risk. Rear loading via ramp is possible with a truck height of 100–150 cm, up to 15 tons and up to a width of 230 cm. Collection is only possible after receipt of payment confirmation by email. Collection without prior registration is possible from Monday to Friday between 07:00 and 16:00. In the event of late collection, a storage fee of €20 per machine and day will be charged. Outstanding storage fees must be paid in full before collection. Lot number: 202

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 0940, without hall piping Bwsdsrz Iq Hepfx Ah Neu

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1985, year of last overhaul: 2008, CLEARANCE SALE 'FIRST COME - FIRST SERVE BASIS' ; IMMEDIATE SHIPPING POSSIBLE STORK RD4 Textile Rotary Printing Machine – 8 / 12 Colors – 1850 mm – Used / Overhauled Make: Stork Model/Type: RD-IV Number of colors: 8 ( possible 12) Working width: 1850 mm Year of manufacture: 1985 Condition: Renewed / major overhaul completed in 2008, later preserved Heating system: Steam Included equipment: Fluff remover: Stork SU-II / 1850 Dryer: 6-chamber dryer Bodpfx Aey A S Ryoh Newu Suitable for textile rotary printing operations requiring reliable multi-color production. MACHINE IS REFURBISHED , PROFESSIONALLY MARKED, DISMANTLED, STORED IN MILL-FLOOR - VIDEO AVAILABLE For more information, technical details, photos, or video , please get in touch. Shipping possible immediately.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 7721 Bwsdpfx Ahezrlras Nou TECHNICAL DATA - Working width: 1300 mm - Maximum pass height: 60 mm - Rubber rollers: 2 pcs - Rubber roller diameter: 190 mm - Motor: approximately 1.1 kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2020x770x1260 mm - Weight: 500 kg FEATURES – Used glue applicator – Very good condition Net price: 14,900 PLN Net price: 3,470 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.3 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to fluctuations in the exchange rate)