Used Battenfeld Haul-Off Machine for sale (70,839)

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 1985, functionality: fully functional, Completely overhauled by the original manufacturer's staff. Max. grinding diameter: 250 mm Grindable length: 750 mm Accessories: - Auxiliary hydraulic unit and control cabinet - Tailstock - Work spindle - Wet grinding attachment - Internal grinding unit - Balancing mandrel Lasdpfxoychhto An Uob - Further accessories available upon request The machine is currently powered up and located in Hungary. An inspection is possible by appointment. The overhaul warranty is 6 months within Hungary.

Condition: excellent (used), 353 USED WMF Bistro Coffee Maker. Laedpfxjywl Izo An Usb The appliance is in good working order. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (in cm): - height 60, - width 38, - length 25. The device is available to verify in our warehouse (36-068 Bachórz, Poland). Paid options available: transport. The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN.

Condition: excellent (used), 352 USED WMF Presto Coffee Machine. The device is in good working order. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (in cm): - height 65, - width 25, - length 30. The device is available to verify in our warehouse (36-068 Bachórz, Poland). Paid options available: transport. Laodpfx Ansywl Eye Ueb The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 1 h, functionality: fully functional, Technical details Print type Inline inkjet system Ink type Oil-based pigment ink (cyan, magenta, yellow, black, gray) Print resolution Standard/full color black: 600 dpi (main scan direction) × 600 dpi (secondary scan direction) Cyan, magenta, yellow, gray: 300 dpi (main scan direction) × 300 dpi (secondary scan direction) Fine Black: 600 dpi (main scan direction) × 600 dpi (secondary scan direction) Cyan, magenta, yellow, gray: 300 dpi (main scan direction) × 600 dpi (secondary scan direction) Number of gray levels Black: four (4) gray levels Cyan, magenta, yellow, gray: 12 shades of gray Data resolution standard/full color Black: 600 dpi × 600 dpi Cyan, magenta, yellow, gray: 300 dpi × 300 dpi Fine Black: 600 dpi × 600 dpi Cyan, magenta, yellow, gray: 300 dpi × 600 dpi Line smoothing 600 dpi × 600 dpi Warm-up time Max. 2 min. 30 sec. (at a room temperature of 23 °C) Print time to 1st page*1 Max. 5 sec. (A4 portrait feeder) Copy time to 1st page*1 Max. 7 sec. (A4 portrait feeder) Print speed *2 *3 A4 portrait feeder Simplex: 165 pages per minute Simplex: 80 sheets/minute (165 pages per minute) Letter portrait feeder simplex: 165 pages per minute simplex: 80 sheets/minute (165 pages per minute) A4 landscape feeder Simplex: 165 pages per minute Simplex: 60 sheets/minute (130 pages per minute) Letter landscape feeder Simplex: 165 pages per minute Simplex: 60 sheets/minute (130 pages per minute) B4 (JIS) Landscape feeder Simplex: 102 pages per minute Duplex: 44 sheets/minute (88 pages per minute) Legal landscape feed simplex: 104 pages per minute duplex: 44 sheets/minute (88 pages per minute) Lajdpfx Aorrxn Sen Ueb A3 landscape feeder simplex: 88 pages per minute duplex: 42 sheets/minute (84 pages per minute) Ledger landscape feeder Simplex: 86 pages per minute Duplex: 42 sheets/minute (84 pages per minute) Paper size: Standard tray Max: 340 mm × 550 mm Min.: 90 mm × 148 mm Paper cassette Max.: 297 mm × 432 mm Min.: 182 mm × 182 mm Print area 314 mm × 548 mm Guaranteed print area * 4 Standard: margin width 3 mm Max. margin width 1 mm Paper weight Standard tray 46 g/m2 up to 210 g/m2 Paper cassette 52 g/m2 up to 104 g/m2 Paper feed capacity Standard tray stack height up to 110 mm Paper cassette stack height up to 56 mm (x 3 cassettes) Output table capacity Stacking height up to 60 mm Network interface Ethernet 1000BASE-T/100BASE-TX/10BASE-T (2 channel) Storage capacity 4 GB Hard disk *6 Capacity 500 GB Available storage space Approx. 430 GB Operating system Linux Power supply 100 to 240 V, alternating current, 12.0 to 6.0 A, 50 to 60 Hz Power consumption Max. 1200 W

Condition: excellent (used), 258 USED Double-port coffee maker. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (in cm): - height 52, - width 57, - length 75. The device is available to verify in our warehouse (36-068 Bachórz, Poland). Laedpfxox Syvie An Ujb Paid options available: transport. The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, Designed for professional use and production of the highest quality cold brew beverages. Quick and efficient cold brew production and built-in double nitro cold brew distribution system. 250 liters per day = 1000 portions, which you can serve while producing more with HardTank. Patented technology lets you extract over 22% within 45 minutes. Short extraction in a closed container eliminates oxidation risk and increases shelf life. Modular design and the highest quality food-grade materials result in a machine that can work flawlessly for decades. If anything gets broken, replacement of each and every element is a child's play. An automatic cleaning program and dedicated cleaning products guarantee stability and safety throughout the production process, while also significantly reducing labor costs and water consumption. The employee's role is to grind the coffee and place it in the filtration basket. After turning it on, the device fills itself with water, starts and stops extraction, undergoes filtration, and pours the cold brew into the keg and engages the cleaning program. All-In-One set includes: - large basket - 18l keg x2 - flow chiller - stout tap x2 - double nitrogen regulator - connection cables Ljdpfx Aswm Enyen Usab Technical details: – Daily output – 250 l – Extraction chamber capacity – 20 l – Filter basket capacity – 1.2 kg – Dimensions – 902 × 830 × 610 mm - Weight - 80/120 kg – Drain – drain pump

Condition: excellent (used), 225 USED Double-portion coffee machine. We have 3 of these machines. The machines are in working order. EQUIPMENT: - 2 portafilters, Ljdpfx Aoxy Rzcon Ujab - hot water spout, - frother, - cup warmer, - automatic coffee dispenser, - water pump. The device is available to verify in our warehouse (36-068 Bachórz, Poland). Paid options available: transport. The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN.

Condition: not inspected (used), functionality: unexamined, overall weight: 700 kg, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Submitting a bid obligates timely collection between 23/06/2026 and 26/06/2026! MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,200 x 1,000 x 1,600 mm Weight: 700 kg Laedpfxjy D S Uns An Ujb EQUIPMENT RNA Vibratory Feeder (diameter: approx. 800 mm) External reference: 33

Condition: not inspected (used), functionality: unexamined, overall weight: 700 kg, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Placing a bid obligates timely collection between 23/06/2026 and 26/06/2026! MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,200 x 1,000 x 1,600 mm Weight: 700 kg EQUIPMENT Ledpfx Anjy D S S Hs Ueab RNA vibratory feeder (diameter: 800 mm) External reference: 34

Condition: used, Industrial Tempering / Heat Treatment Oven – Lister Machine Tools Heavy duty industrial tempering and heat treatment oven by Lister Machine Tools Ltd. Ideal for engineering workshops, toolmaking, heat treatment, metal hardening, tempering and industrial heating applications. Fitted with digital temperature controller and insulated chamber with front loading access door. Suitable for precision heating and workshop production use. Features: Industrial electric tempering oven Digital temperature control Insulated heat chamber Front loading design Heavy duty industrial construction Lodpfx Asy R D Tion Usab Mounted on steel stand Suitable for tooling and heat treatment work Condition: Used workshop condition with cosmetic wear from industrial use. Complete and operational. Ideal for engineering shops, fabrication workshops, blacksmithing and toolroom environments. Loading available on site. Viewing welcome. Transport can be arranged. Open to sensible offers.

Condition: used, Industrial Sheet Metal Beading / Swaging Machine (Jenny Machine) Heavy duty manual sheet metal swaging and beading machine in solid original condition. Ideal for fabrication shops, restoration work, ducting, panel making. Fitted with adjustable rollers and manual feed controls. Strong cast iron industrial construction mounted on original pedestal base. Perfect for forming beads, swages, strengthening ribs and edging work in sheet metal. Features: Manual hand operated machine Adjustable forming rollers Heavy cast iron construction Original pedestal stand Industrial workshop machine Suitable for steel, aluminium and light gauge sheet metal Condition: Used industrial condition with age-related wear and surface rust. Mechanically complete and turns freely. Ideal restoration or workshop machine. Loading available. Viewing welcome. Open to sensible offers. Lasdpfx Ajy R Dqusn Ueb

Year of construction: 2021, condition: good (used), 1 x Box Taping Machine Laedpfxsy T Nbde An Uob Model: AS523S Year: 2021

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 200 h, XYZ 500 LR Vertical Machining Centre (2018) Siemens 828D Control with Shop Mill, Optimised Digital Servo Drives, Rigid Tapping,Flood Coolant, Worklight, 12 Station Carousel ATC, Easy Clean Swarf Tray, Steel Concertina Guards on all axes, Powder Coated Guarding, Pull Studs, USB Port Technical Specification: X Axis Table Travel: 500 mm Ledjy R S Unspfx An Usab Y Axis Table Travel: 400 mm Z Vertical Travel: 440 mm Table Size: 580 × 400 mm Spindle Centre to Column: 415 mm Spindle to Table: 100 – 550 mm Column Front to Table Centre: 215 – 615 mm Rapid Feedrate: 20 m/min Cutting Feedrates: 1 – 20,000 mm/min Max Table Load: 250 kg Spindle Speeds: 5 – 8,000 rpm Spindle Motor: 15 kW (20 hp) Spindle Taper: BT40 Toolchanger: 12 station carousel Toolchange Time: 8 seconds Max Tool Diameter: 100 mm Max Tool Weight: 7 kg Coolant Tank Capacity: 105 L Ballscrew: Grade C3, 28 mm dia P8 AC Digital Servo Motors: X = 8 Nm, Y = 8 Nm Max Torque Z Axis: 12 Nm, 3,000 rpm Machine Weight: 2,400 kg Footprint: 1,890 × 1,982 × 2,700 mm *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79114 Machine Serial Number: SMB0146 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 300 h, XYZ 560 Mini Mill 3 Axis Vertical Machining Centre Manufactured 2015 Siemens 828D Control Ex college machine less than 300hrs. Spindle Speeds 8000rpm Spindle Motor 15hp Spindle Taper BT40 Tool Magazine 12 Tools Tool Change Time 8secs X Axis Travel 560mm Y Axis Travel 400mm Z Axis Travel 500mm Table Size 610 x 370mm Spinde to Tabel 100 – 600mm XYZ Rapids 20m/min Cutting Feeds 1-20m/min Max. Table Load 300kg T Slots 16mm Machine Weight 3100Kgs *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79162 Machine Serial Number: MF491 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Lajdpfsy R Srgsx An Usb Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, XYZ SLV Turret Milling Machine Manufactured 2011 Spindle Motor 5 hp Spindle Speeds 70 – 3600rpm Spindle Taper ISO40 Table Size 1473 x 305mm T Slot Size 16mm T Slots 3 off X Axis Travel 1000mm Y Axis Travel 410mm Knee Vertical Travel 413mm Ram Travel 450mm Supplied with: Power Feed Longitudinal (X) Power Feed Cross (Y) Powerd Knee 3 Axis Digital Readout Misc Spindle Tooling Machine Manuals Lodpoy R Skcefx An Ujab Air Draw Bar We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79192 Machine Serial Number: 11501 £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ SLX555 x 3m ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2017) Max. Distance Between Centres 3000mm Max. Swing over Bed 560mm Max. Swing over Gap 935mm Max. Swing over Cross slides 350mm Max. Cross slide Travel 290mm Spindle Nose D1-11 Spindle Bore 104mm Spindle Speeds 30 – 1800rpm Spindle Motor 15Hp Quick Change Tool Post Lasdpjy R Rdhsfx An Ueb Tailstock MT7 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2012 Dimensions: L x D x H 5220 x 2150 x 1950 mm Weight 7400 kg Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Indexing Toolpost Machine Handbooks TRAKing®. Constant Surface Speed. Rapid Traverse with Joy Stick. 3 Point Fixed Steady Travelling Steady Interlocking Guards Auto Lubrication. Coolant. Worklight We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79001 Machine Serial Number: SLM00072 £55,000.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2001, XYZ 1224 Surface Grinding Machine Electro Magentic Chuck 304 x 609mm Max. Longitudinal Grinding Length 609mm Max. Cross Grinding Length 304mm Max. Distance from Table Surface to Spindle Centre 508mm Max. Longitudinal Hydraulic Travel 660mm Longitudinal Travel Variable 5 – 25m/min Cross Travel Automatic Increment 0.1-10mm Cross Travel Automatic Travel 304mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 5mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.02mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 2mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.01mm Spindle Motor Speed 3000rpm 50Hz Spindle Motor Power 5hp Hydraulic Motor Power 1Hp Standard Wheel Dia. 355mm Standard Wheel Width 38mm Stand Wheel Bore 127m Machine Weight 1700kgs Foot Print (LW) 3550 x 2550mm Supplied with: 2 Grinding Wheels Balancing Unit Coolant & Dust extraction Toolbox Hydraulic Tanks Diamond Wheel Dresser 415V Electrics Machine Pads & Levelling Bolts Low Volt Work Lamp Laodpey R N Aisfx An Uob For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79197 Machine Serial Number: 134046 Cost: £11,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, XYZ SMX 5000 3 Axis CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Manufactured 2008 Lasdpfxsy Ni Ive An Ueb Table: 1930 x 355mm 4 off T Slots size 15.9mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1524mm Y – 596mm Z – 584mm Dims: W - 5805mm D – 2530mm H – 3143mm Weight - 3100Kgs For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Stock No: 79199 Serial No: 11273 Price: £24,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ 1500 Turret Milling Machine (Ex College) 2 Axis Newhall DRO Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 3500rpm Table Size 1069 x 228mm X – 610mm Y – 305mm Knee Travel: Z – 362mm 415V Electrics Year 2014 Serial Number 103080 Stock Number 2867 Ledpfxsy N Ak Rj An Ueab

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ SLX 555 x 3M CNC Lathe (2016) Stock Number 2851 Protrak SLX CNC Swing over bed 560mm Swing in gap 935mm Swing over cross slides 350mm Distance between centres 3000mm Spindle bore 104mm Laodpjx Hp I Rsfx An Ujb Additional Features Protrack SLX Control Drilling Attachment 4 Way Toolpost 3 Jaw Chuck 3 Point Steady

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, XYZ SMX 4000 ProtoTRAK CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Year of Manufacture 2012 Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Lodpfsyzf Naox An Ueab Quill Dia 105mm Table: 1474 x 355mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1,060mm Y – 596mm Z – 520mm Dims without travels: W - 2370mm D – 2485mm H – 2660mm Weight - 3100Kgs For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79167 Machine Serial Number: 10836 Cost: £22,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ 2000 Turret Milling Machine (2017) (Ex College) 3 Axis Newhall DRO (X, Y & Knee) Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 4200 rev/min Table Size 1270 x 254mm Table Travel: X - 812mm Y - 406mm Knee Travel: Z - 406mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Ledpfxoxxb Rrj An Ujab Jet Machinery Stock No: #79047 Machine Serial Number: 12907 Cost: £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, XYZ 2-OP Vertical Machining Centre ProtoTRAK TMX Control (2015) Year of Manufacture: 2015 Spindle Speeds to 6,000rpm Spindle Taper BT30 Table Size 457 x 381mm Table Travels 355 x 305 x 455mm (XYZ) 6 Station ATC Rapid Traveres 15m/min Footprint 760 x 1,220 x 2500mm Weight 1100kgs 415V Electrics Lasdpoya H Nksfx An Uob Air Require for ATC For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79155 Machine Serial Number: SOP02060 Cost: £17,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, XYZ SLX555 x 3m ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2012) Max. Distance Between Centres 3000mm Max. Swing over Bed 560mm Max. Swing over Gap 935mm Max. Swing over Cross slides 350mm Max. Cross slide Travel 290mm Spindle Nose D1-11 Spindle Bore 104mm Spindle Speeds 30 – 1800rpm Spindle Motor 15Hp Quick Change Tool Post Tailstock MT7 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2012 Dimensions: L x D x H 5220 x 2150 x 1950 mm Weight 7400 kg Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Machine Handbooks TRAKing®. Constant Surface Speed. Rapid Traverse with Joy Stick. QCTP & Holders 2 x Fixed Steadys 15” Interlocking Guards Auto Lubrication. Coolant. Worklight We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79024 Lodpfeyaywhox An Ueab Machine Serial Number: SLM00035 £47,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, XYZ RMX 3500 3 Axis CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK RMX Control YOM 2021 Spindle: 5HP – Programmable 40 – 5000rpm 2 Ranges 40 – 600 & 300 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Table: 1370 x 355mm 4 0ff T Slots T Slot size 15.9mm Max load 600kgs Travel: X – 787mm Y – 508mm Head Vertical (Z) – 500mm Quill (Z) 127mm Dims without travel – 1905 x 2069 x 2225mm Dim with travel – 2758 x 2869 x 2490mm Weight 2430Kgs Power Requirements 22A Air Requirements 6bar Ljdpjx D Tbmofx An Ujab YOM 2021 For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock Number: #78900 Machine Serial Number: RM310097 £35,000.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.