Used V-Belt Gearbox 2:1 for sale (115,280)

Condition: excellent (used), Julabo Type: FP51-SL (v.2) Cryogenic circulator for low temperatures below -50 °C with bath opening for internal and external temperature control Cryogenic circulators of the HighTech series with the thermostats HL or SL thermostats are equipped with powerful pressure and suction pumps. The devices offer the full range of functions of the professional HighTech thermostat series. Technical data for FP51-SL Dimensions and volume Dimensions (W × D × H) 46 x 55 x 89 cm Filling volume 7.5 ... 12 l Weight 90 kg Pump connection thread M16x1 external thread Temperature values: Working temperature range -51 ... +200°C Temperature stability ±0.05°C Setting the resolution of the temperature display 0.01°C Temperature display resolution 0.01°C Permissible ambient temp. +5 ... +40°C Mains voltage 400V/3PNPE/50Hz (plug 16A CEE) (R507) Performance values: Heating capacity 3 kW Cooling capacity 20°C 2kW, 0°C 1.5 kW, -20°C 1 kW, -40°C 0.26 kW Refrigerant R507 Global warming potential 3985 Charge weight 1030 g Carbon dioxide equivalent 4.10455 t Pump capacity Flow rate 22 ... 26 l/min Pump capacity Delivery pressure 0.4 ... 0.7 bar Maximum suction capacity 0.2 ... 0.4 bar Viscosity max. 70 cSt Current consumption 16 A Electronics Interfaces Profibus optional Pt100 external sensor connection integrated Integrated programmer 6x60 steps Temperature control ICC Absolute temperature calibration 3-point calibration Temperature display VFD Temperature setting Keypad Voltage variants 400V/3PNPE/50Hz (plug 16A CEE) (R507) Condition: gebraucht / used Scope of delivery: (see picture) (Changes and errors in the technical data, specifications are reserved!) We will be happy to answer any further questions you may have on the phone. Godpsqazddofx Ai Nouc

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 22,450 kg, overall weight: 29,000 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 07/2008, next inspection (TÜV): 11/2025, loading space length: 12,620 mm, loading space width: 2,500 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, total height: 2,710 mm, Equipment: ABS, The vehicle is on its way. More pictures & technical details will follow shortly. * Stake pockets * 2nd axle steered ----* Tire size: 385/65R22.5 * Permissible total weight: 29,000 kg * Curb weight: 6,550 kg * Overall length: 12,870 mm * Axle distances: 1,900 mm * Safety inspection due: expired ----Vehicle number: 11807----Subject to errors and prior sale----Advertising and various inscriptions have been digitally removed.-----We are happy to assist you with all formalities related to purchasing a vehicle. Simply let us know your requirements and suggestions, and we will take care of the rest. Among other services, we can offer you the following at an additional charge:----Trade-in of your old vehicle TÜV/Safety inspection certification Complete export processing Financing arrangements Application for export license plates Vehicle transfer Gjdpeyl Rg Rjfx Ai Nouc Vehicle registration Recovery and vehicle transport---- Your VTS Team

Condition: excellent (used), Solenoid valve, pneumatic valve, air valve, pressure valve, valve block, control block, switching valve, pressure build-up valve Godpfx Ajx R R Iasi Njuc -Manufacturer: Festo, switching-on valve -Type: MS6-EE-1/2-V24-S 527682 -Operating pressure: 4 - 18 bar -Quantity: 1x valve available -Dimensions: 180/100/H290 mm -Weight: 1.3 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Filter control valve, switching valve, maintenance unit, water separator, filter bowl, pneumatic filter, filter regulator, maintenance unit combination, filter control valve -Manufacturer: Festo, Maintenance unit filter control valve -Switching valves: MS6-EM1-1/2-S M56-EE-1/2-V24-S -Filter control valve: M56-LFR-1/2-D6-CRV-AS -Branch modules: M56-FRM-1/2-Y -Pressure build-up valve: M56-DL-1/2 -Individual components: see photos -Price/Fee: complete -Overall dimensions: 440/340/H110 mm -Weight: 5.3 kg Guedox Rx S Tepfx Ai Njc

Condition: good (used), Disc valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, butterfly valve, shut-off valve, gate valve, directional control valve -Solenoid valve -Manufacturer: Festo -Type: NVF3-MOH-5/2-K-1/4-EX -PN: 2-10 bar -Number: 2 valves available Price: per piece -Weight: 0.3 kg Gusdpfxob A Rinj Ai Noc

Condition: excellent (used), Filter control valve, switching valve, maintenance unit, water separator, filter bowl, pneumatic filter, filter regulator, maintenance unit combination, filter control valve -Manufacturer: Festo, Maintenance unit filter control valve -Switching valves: MS6-EM1-1/2-S M56-EE-1/2-V24-S -Filter control valve: M56-LFR-1/2-D7-CRV-AS -Branch modules: M56-FRM-1/2-AD7 -Pressure build-up valve: M56-DL-1/2 Gjdpfx Aoxvxw Rsi Nsuc -Individual components: see photos -Price/Fee: complete -Overall dimensions: 470/300/H110 mm -Weight: 4.5 kg

Condition: used, Globoidal cam gears, indexing, oscillator indexer, index gear -Manufacturer: Manifold, Transmission Clutch Indexing -Type: V-1-C 5 120 -Shaft: Ø 48 x 145 mm -Indexing angle: 120° -Number of stops: 5 -Dimensions: 400/385/H395 mm Gjdpforiidysx Ai Neuc -Weight: 151kg

Condition: used, centrifugal pump, water pump, stainless steel pump, food pump -Manufacturer: Hilge, stainless steel centrifugal pump -Type: Contra I/3 AD-V 25/25/1.5/2 -Motor: Siemens 1.50 kW / 2860 rpm -Inlet/outlet pipe connection DN25 -Dimensions: 715/215/H265 mm Guedpfx Ash Hbw Nei Nec -Weight: 37 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, grinding diameter 450 mm grinding length 1500 mm centre height 225 mm Control FAGOR EQUIPEMENT - T1: grinding wheel diameter 500 mm - T2: grinding wheel diameter 400 mm - T6: HF Fischer spindle MFV or MFZ 1224/1242/1260 - T7: HF Fischer spindle MFV or MFZ 1224/1242/1260 - Marposs tool measurement - active longitudinal positioning - Elaso GAP-control on T1 and T2 contactless integrated in the control surface - Elaso GAP internal grinding with fluid sensor for T6 and T7 - semi-automatic balancing by Elaso integrated in the control surface for T1/T2 - tailstock hydraulic with fine adjustment +/- 150 microns - dresser on workpiece spindle side table mounted - dresser on tailstock side table mounted - dresser on upper table - new service- and userfriendly housing SPECIAL EQUPEMENT: Workhead with direct drive - strongly recommended for non-circular grinding - workpiece weight flying max. 75kg - workpiece weight between centres 150kg - water-cooled B-axis with direct drive - center height 225 mm - extremely torsionally stiff - highly accurate positioning - resolution ° - water-cooled Hydrostatic ball screw - x-axis - wear-free, as there is no contact during operation - no loss of precision, even during long-term use at full load and maximum speed - no friction at low speeds - no friction force backlash when the direction of rotation changes - translates even the smallest rotational movements - no stick-slip effect even at low speeds - no fluctuations in frictional torque due to ball circulation - higher axial stiffness compared to ball screws - significant improvement in damping, resulting in better workpiece surface finish and tool life - no oscillations due to ball circulation - also suitable for high speeds and accelerations - cost-effective alternative to the linear motor with greater precision and significantly lower heat generation - significantly less power dissipation and, as a result, no problems with swarf on permanent magnets New hydraulic unit - optimized temperature control (chiller) Godjuxfu Nopfx Ai Neuc - Energy-saving Only one pump controlled by VFD - Pressure monitoring - monitoring of the hydrostatic oil for water content. (Damage to the bellows is recognised and detected prematurely) -fine adjustment +/- 150 microns Paper belt filter 375l – alternative 480l Grinding mist extraction system – emulsion MECHANICAL OVERHAUL -complete machine according to Kellenberger protocoll -new painting ELECTRICAL OVERHAUL - new modern Fagor CNC with BEMA HMI - new electric cabinet - new digital drive technology - replacement of all electrical cables, switches etc. - new absolute external scales in x- and z-axis - new absolute encoder (B-axis) Grinding software BEMA-Standard: - workpiece zeroing - grinding wheel zeroing - dressing diamond measuring - corrections - external and internal surface grinding - external and internal angle grinding (turning of the b-axis, dressing with straight wheel) - external and internal radius grinding (radius dressed on wheel) - semi-automatic traverse grinding - workpiece zeroing - 2 dressing diamonds - 1 dressing blade - dressing roll - 3 flat dresser - corrections - Z-position measurement - GAP control Optional grinding cycles at no extra charge: Profile plunge grinding: - external and internal profile plunge grinding with profile wheel Pr...

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2019, Air-operated double-acting high-pressure pump The Resato P200-100-2 is an air-operated, double-acting high-pressure pump used for pressurizing liquids in various industrial applications such as hydrostatic testing and chemical injection. The Resato P200-100-2 pump operates on the principle of an automatically reciprocating differential piston to convert compressed air into a high-pressure liquid flow. Manufacturer: Resato Type: P200-100-2/U/V Type: Air-operated, double-acting high-pressure pump Air piston diameter: 200 mm Torque ratio: 100 Flow rate: 6.6 l/min Weight: 21 kg Year of manufacture: 2019 Max. outlet pressure Regulated by the air supply pressure. At 7 bar (100 psi) air pressure, the static ultimate pressure is up to 700 bar (~10,000 psi) (based on the Resato type table for P200-100-1/P200-100-2). Compatible media Suitable for water, oil, or an emulsion of both. Can also be used for a wide range of chemical fluids. Materials (wetting parts) All wetted parts are made of specially selected stainless steel. Operating Medium (Drive) Can be operated with compressed air or nitrogen at a maximum pressure of 7 bar (100 psi). Features Reduced noise, minimized downtime due to easy maintenance of seals and check valves, and prevention of pump freezing. Applications The P-Series, to which the P200-100-2 belongs, is used in various industries, including oil and gas, automotive, and research. Typical applications include: Hydrostatic testing of hoses, valves, pipes, and pressure vessels. Pressurization of hydraulic components. (Chemical) injection. Godpfoyk Uc Hex Ai Neuc Disassembly of bearings and bolt tensioning. Research and development. Find more items—new and used—in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: compressor, Manufacturer: GEA Gusdpfjyvrwtox Ai Njc Year of manufacture: 2012 Model: 2 MVR 1 Feed rate: 35,000 l/h with whey Evaporation capacity: up to 25,000 kg/h Type: MVR evaporator with TVR finisher (High-)concentrator: from 20 up to 60% DS Including pasteurizer via steam injection MVR compressor: PILLER MVR compressor power: 456 kW Steam consumption finisher: ~900 kg/h Steam consumption pasteurizer: 900 - 1,700 kg/h

Condition: new, Bernardo belt grinder MS 150 x 2000 DC-2 / 400 V Technical specifications belt dimensions 150 x 2000 mm Belt speed 18 / 36 m/sec. contact wheel Ø x B 200 / 150 mm surface grinding table 500 x 150 mm suction connection Ø 2x 100 mm Suction capacity 520 m3/h speed suction 2780 rpm Motor power extraction 0,37 kW Motor output power S1 100% 2,5 / 3,3 kW Motor input power S6 40% 3,3 / 4,3 kW Voltage 400 V length 1130 mm Width 600 mm Height 1130 mm Weight approx. 116 kg Scope of delivery - Sanding belt K 80 - Hinged protective disk - Integrated suction - 2x aluminum suction hose diam. 100 mm - filter bag - Grinding and support table - Workpiece stop - Motor protection switch - Rubberized grinding roller - Graphite coating - Separate emergency stop button Gsdpfx Aepag Ttoi Neuc - Base frame

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, DEMAG crane chain hoist DCM-Pro 2 80 1/1 H2.8 V16/4 80 kg with crane canopy (2x3m) The DCM-Pro manulift was developed for safe and fast load handling with one-hand operation. The DCM-Pro is based on the lifting unit of the DC-Pro chain hoist and the DSM-C control unit. Due to the control unit being rigidly connected to the load handling attachment, the operator only needs one hand to operate the chain hoist as well as to guide the load. Gsdpfxjhwd E Nj Ai Nsuc Manufacturer: DEMAG Type: Crane chain hoist Model: DCM-Pro 2 80 1/1 H2.8 V16/4 Load capacity: 80 kg Control: GSA Type 4 Movement radius: sideways 3 metres and forwards/backwards 2 metres Steel beam: included in the offer Condition: used  Complete factory closure, large selection of storage platforms, pallet racks, shelf racks, paternosters. High-quality industrial machines, lathes, grinding machines, hand machines. Further articles - new and used - you will find in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Year of construction: 2022, condition: new, functionality: fully functional, lifting height: 12,000 mm, main lifting speed: 6,300 mm/min, i=79, new, 2x available, with bottom block, without electrics, without DMF KBH 140 B4 + KBA 80 B4 Gedpfxsq R N T Hs Ai Nouc Fine input gearbox F10 Various accessories on request

Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 4 h, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, lifting height: 50,000 mm, main lifting speed: 12,500 mm/min, i=72, KBH140 B4, absolutely new condition, 100% SWP, incl. bottom block, without DMF (can be offered) Stepless control with inverter and radio with belly console optionally available! Gedpfxeq R N Tmj Ai Njuc

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 5 h, NEW - Arjes Impaktor 250 EVO 2 with a set of paddle shafts (green cuttings, wood). Discharge height: 3450 mm Gjdpfx Ajtql S Toi Nouc Belt width: 800 mm Hopper volume: 2.25 m³ Shaft length: 1500 mm Weight 14,500 kg Standard configuration Engine: Volvo-Penta, Stage V / 129 kW Hook lift Track drive Overband magnet with discharge hopper Water spraying for reduced dust widening Paddle shafts incl. quick-change cassette Crusher bars Factory paint finish in orange-grey Optional on request: Star shafts (tires, waste, plastic) Concrete shafts (building rubble, asphalt) Concrete crusher basket

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, empty load weight: 11,500 kg, maximum load weight: 25,410 kg, overall weight: 36,910 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 01/2008, suspension: air, tire size: 385/65R22.5, color: silver, Year of construction: 2007, Equipment: ABS, tail-lift, For sale: Professional livestock semi-trailer by Gray Adams, model GAdd3T/4, year 2007. The trailer has seen little use, is fully operational, has undergone a recent inspection, and is ready for immediate operation. =====•••••===== NOTICE! Option to purchase the entire set together with the 3-axle tractor MAN TGX 28.480 (6x2 drive), which the trailer was paired with. Gedpfxsxc Hzqe Ai Nouc 2014 MAN model with extremely low mileage—only 268,000 km! Well-maintained, continuously serviced, ready for operation, Euro 5 standard. The tractor is equipped with a spacious, comfortable cab, leather seats, two beds, coffee maker, and electric sunroof. Price for tractor unit only: €12,900 net Discounted price for combined set: €45,900 net We offer delivery of the entire set to any address in the EU or to a port under preferential conditions! =====••••===== Gray Adams specialist trailers are robust and reliable designs, engineered for transporting cattle, horses, and other livestock. A new trailer of this type cost over 900,000 DKK (~600,000 PLN net ≈ €130,000), reflecting the high build quality and durability of the Gray Adams brand. =====•••••=====•••• Technical data – trailer: Brand/Model: Gray Adams GAdd3T/4 Year of manufacture: 2007 – in service since 2008 Transport dimensions: 13.6 m (L) × 2.55 m (W) × 4.0 m (H) Unladen weight: 11,500 kg Payload: 25,410 kg Gross vehicle weight (GVW): 37,000 kg Axles: 3 axles (including 1 steering axle) Suspension: air suspension Landing legs: JOST Tires: 385/65 R22.5 (approx. 60% tread) Brakes: disc brakes – components (S-cams) replaced in June 2021 Certification: CE Design and purpose: - Two-deck trailer – ideal for transporting larger quantities of animals - Full hydraulic system – safe and convenient operation - Remote-controlled hydraulic aluminum lift - Integrated water system – ensures optimal conditions for transported animals - Durable build and materials ensuring longevity Technical condition: - Trailer rarely used, maintained in very good condition - Regularly serviced – all maintenance performed promptly - Fresh inspection – fully roadworthy and ready for use =====••••===== Additional equipment: - Remote-controlled hydraulic lift - Integrated watering system - Complete documentation and CE certificates - High-quality components (JOST, pneumatic system, disc brakes) - Metallic paintwork =====••••===== Why choose this offer? - Top brand: Gray Adams – world leader in livestock trailer manufacturing - Durable and reliable construction – designed for intensive use - Recent inspection – guaranteed operational status - Very competitive pricing compared to a new unit (over 900,000 DKK!) - Ideal solution for livestock breeders, farmers, and transport companies

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 3660916, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 32 A, Hello, I am offering a fully refurbished Beltron UV dryer, which has been completely overhauled in our workshop. It is equipped with two UV lamps, each rated at 120 W/cm. The output can be infinitely adjusted thanks to modern electronic ballasts. The control system uses a Siemens display—no cheap Chinese components. Belt speed is also continuously adjustable. The conveyor belt width is approximately 42 cm, making it suitable for materials up to 40 cm wide. The current lamps have only 320 hours and 281 hours of operation since their replacement. During the workshop refurbishment, the dryer was completely repainted with 2K paint. The conveyor belt was replaced with a new one. The dryer is mounted on castors, making it mobile. It also has its own exhaust system, which only needs to be connected to a hose leading outside. Electrical connection: 400V/32A. Guodpfjy Svq Ajx Ai Njc The dryer is currently located at our warehouse/workshop near Cham in the Bavarian Forest. Inspection while operational is always possible. Shipping via freight forwarding or loading with a forklift is no problem at all. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Barmag EAV133-0-160 BELTRO-DRIVE SN:9008-29845, used, normal signs of use, 100% functional, scope of delivery as per photos Godpsi D T E Njfx Ai Nsuc

Condition: new, Barmag EAV133-0-110 BELTRO-DRIVE SN:9402-48656, unused, 100% functional, scope of delivery as per photos Godpfxji D T E Ej Ai Nsuc

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), The scope of delivery includes: 01x stand protection, II. choice Material color: yellow Total height: approx. 1.000 mm Total width: approx. 128 mm inner width: approx. 120 mm material thickness: approx. 4,00 mm Weight: approx. 5,23 kg | pcs. Gsdpfxjlikw Hs Ai Njuc Each side: 2 drill holes Ø approx. 11 mm Dimension center - center hole: approx. 900 mm

Condition: used, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 03/2025, next inspection (TÜV): 03/2027, loading space length: 3,320 mm, loading space width: 2,350 mm, loading space height: 600 mm, total width: 2,420 mm, total height: 410 mm, Year of construction: 2025, Vetter TRG 8120 / TRA 8120 Cable Drum Variable Trailer, 1 owner, low usage, not used on construction sites, as new condition. TRA 8120 tandem trailer for the Subduct Drum Frame TRG 8120: - Height-adjustable overrun drawbar with DIN towing eye and jockey wheel, including interchangeable ball hitch coupling. - 2 rear telescopic crank supports. - Floor made of phenolic resin-coated plywood with mounting points for securing the frame. - Ramp slot for inserting aluminum ramps. Gujdpszamt Nofx Ai Nsc - No drop sides, no aluminum ramps included. - Trailer TÜV-certified. - Vehicle ID No.: WHC2PHTXXRN623360 Payload: 1200 kg Unladen weight (approx.): 800 kg Gross weight: 2000 kg Drawbar load: 100 kg Platform internal width: 2350 mm Trailer overall width: 2420 mm Platform internal length: 3320 mm Maximum trailer overall length: 5550 mm Loading height: 600 mm Coupling height: 410 mm Tyres: 4x 195/55 Additional equipment: aluminum side panels, 300 mm high, including APR Board hinges, for trailer TRA 8120. Optional extras: Aluminum ramps 2500x600x55 mm, APR Ramp. Surcharge for 2 aluminum ramps, each 2500x300x55 mm, coarse, for trailer TRA 8120. - Permissible load per ramp pair: axle spacing 2.0 m = 1400 kg; axle spacing 1.5 m = 1400 kg; axle spacing 1.0 m = 1220 kg; single axle = 900 kg Net purchase price: €696.00 + 19% VAT TRG 8120, drum transport and 1 pay-off frame for up to 8 subduct drums on trailer TRA 8120 or on truck beds. The frame can also be placed on the ground at the worksite and the drums unwound. Drums from various manufacturers can be accommodated: - Up to 8 drums, diameter 1200 mm - Max. drum width: 440 mm - Max. payload: 2000 kg The frame is equipped with: - 2 lightweight aluminum drum axles - 6 spacers - 4 clamping collars for 2 shafts - 1 rear portal for deflection piping Advantages of the frame: - Usable on a range of vehicles - Can be placed directly on the ground - Fully disassemblable, bolted construction - Completely hot-dip galvanized and robust Technical data: Length: 2770 mm, Width: 2330 mm, Internal width: 2160 mm, Height: 770 mm, Weight approx. 277 kg Former net new price: €16,892 + 19% VAT Despite the utmost care, errors in this advertisement cannot be excluded. Errors and prior sale reserved!

Condition: new, For sale: Original KSB RIO50-40D circulation pump, brand new, in its original packaging. The pump is intended for heating and cooling installations, as well as for applications in building technology and industry. ⸻ Technical Data • Manufacturer: KSB • Model / Type: RIO50-40D • ID Number: 29 132 136 • Power supply: 230V, 3~ 400 V / 50 Hz • Number of speeds: 3 • Power consumption (P1): 180 / 240 / 330 W • Nominal diameter: DN50 • Connection: flanged • Operating pressure: PN6 / PN10 • Max. medium temperature: 130°C • Protection class: IP44 Gujdpeyhhmgefx Ai Noc • Insulation class: H • Weight: approx. 14.1 kg • Manufactured in: EU ⸻ Condition • New, unused • Original KSB packaging • Manufacturer's manual included • Condition exactly as shown in the pictures ⸻ Applications • Central heating systems • Heating and cooling circuits • Industrial and commercial facilities

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: a complete, professional magnetic particle testing (MT/NDT) kit from the renowned brands Tiede and Blak-Ray, used in industrial quality control, welding, rail transport, and the energy sector. The equipment is fully operational and in very good technical and visual condition—ready for immediate use. The set includes: • Tiede FSM-2 – magnetic field strength meter (Feldstärkemessgerät), measuring range ±400 A/cm, 9 V DC power supply Gjdpfsxl Dbtsx Ai Neuc • Blak-Ray J-221 – professional long wave ultraviolet meter for UV lamp verification in NDT applications • Field Indicator MAGNAFLUX – magnetic field indicator for quick induction checks • Measurement probe with cable • Calibration specimen and auxiliary accessories • Glass cylinder for indicator fluid • Original transport case with protective foam Applications: • Weld seam inspection • Shaft, axle, and machine component examination • Testing of railway, energy, and aviation parts • Quality control in industrial production

Condition: excellent (used), I am offering a circulation pump from the renowned brand WILO, model TOP-E 40/1-10, equipped with electronic control. The pump is intended for heating systems, HVAC, and industrial applications. It features an electronic module with a display and operation adjustment, which allows for the optimisation of energy consumption and performance. 🔧 Technical data: Manufacturer: WILO Model: TOP-E 40/1-10 Power supply: 230V / 50 Hz Type: electronic circulation pump Connection diameter: DN40 (approx. 40 mm) Insulation class: F Degree of protection: IP43 Pressure: PN6 Medium temperature: up to 110°C Rotation speed: 850 – 2850 rpm Power: 30 – 570 W Current: 0.45 – 4.80 A 📦 Condition: Guedoy Abf Hopfx Ai Nec Used item. Shows normal signs of use but is in good technical condition and fully functional. 📌 Additional information: Electronic operation regulation High-quality workmanship – made in the EU Ideal for central heating, industrial, and circulation systems Robust construction