Used Plasma Cutting Device, Plasma Cutter, Plasma Cutting Machine With Hand Torch for sale (74,930)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 7,500 h, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, sheet thickness (max.): 35 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 35 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 30 mm, overall weight: 1,500 kg, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 4,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, total length: 8,000 mm, cutting height (max.): 110 mm, track width: 2,950 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Selling an Oerlikon plasma cutting system, Plasmatome 20 HPC, Nertajet HP 300 plasma source with CPM 400/450 torch heads for aluminum, steel, and stainless steel. Cutting range 2 x 6 m, cutting current 30-260 A, power consumption 80 kVA. Chedpfx Aev I U Hcjd Iec Material thickness of the sheets to be cut with piercing up to 35 mm, external thickness up to 50 mm. Sold without cutting table.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, • Baykal BPL-H 4012 • Supplied new in 2017 • Hypertherm XPR300 AutoGas • EDGE Connect CNC • Twin plasma heads Cjdpfozp D S Tsx Ad Iohc • Arc hours: 2,016 and 3,120 • 4 m x 12 m bed

Condition: new, IDEAL Krug & Priester 1080 Lever Cutter Material blade sharpening angle 75° Ideal for cutting paper, cardboard, linoleum, plastic and metal foils, thin sheets, and other materials Resharpenable blade set made of Solingen steel Complete with solid base and foot press Fold-out side table, right Side fence with scale in mm and inches Infinitely adjustable back fence with locking screw Front fence with locking screw and narrow cutting attachment Scale knob for precise front fence adjustment Printed DIN format markings A3 to A6 Fixed, transparent blade guard made of shatterproof plastic with blade locking device Extra stable die-cast aluminum blade bearing and double-bearing blade axle for precise cuts Extremely robust metal construction GS certified Brand quality Made in Germany Cutting length: 800 mm Csdpjx R Scxofx Ad Iehc Cutting capacity: approx. 20 sheets (70 g/m² paper) - 4 mm clearance Table size (W x D): 605 x 800 mm Dimensions (H x W x D): 1215 x 670 x 1080 mm Width with side table extended: 890 mm Weight: 55 kg Condition: New More cutting machines in other sizes - new and used - can be found in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, This is a state-of-the-art CNC machine dedicated to the industrial sector, used for cutting sheets and profiles, using a plasma torch. The machine is characterised, among other things, by a robust structure made of the highest quality steel and aluminium, a large cutting range, the possibility of cutting workpieces of any shape and low process costs. The high-end solutions used in production ensure reliable and safe operation. The cutting of the material is carried out in a short time, while maintaining the precision of the workpiece. In order to obtain the desired shape, it is only necessary to import the file into the software, so operation of this cutting machine is easy and intuitive. Our plasma cutting machines are primarily designed to process materials such as: - Black steel, - Stainless steel, CONSTRUCTION The frame of the plasma cutting machine is designed and manufactured from scratch in our factory. The high quality steel used for the machines is cut, then welded and machined. The entire frame, gantry and gantry arms have additional ribbing to achieve high rigidity and eliminate vibration and deformation. DRIVES Servo AC motors with high resolution and power have been used to drive our cutters, ensuring adequate acceleration and speed in each direction. These are highly dynamic and precise motors with feedback, guaranteeing zero defect by continuously controlling the operating parameters. The X and Y axes use classic and well-proven helical bars, which ensure long life and precision. FUEL Our plasma machines use components from the leading manufacturer PGCNC. The technologies used in the torch significantly increase productivity and cutting speed. HD technology provides better hole quality, increased piercing capacity and bevelling capabilities. This ensures high quality, repeatable cuts and maximises productivity with minimal running costs and reliability. KNIFE TABLE The knife table is made with technology that is resistant to working at elevated temperatures. This allows us to work continuously without worrying about the occurrence of burn-outs that prevent the material from being evenly positioned on the work table. The positioning of the scissors can be easily changed according to the size of the workpieces to be burnt. The knife table is an excellent solution for cutting thicker materials. SOFTWARE The machine is equipped with Starfire 2D CAD/CAM software. Various functions are available to the user, including the ability to import finished designs in vector formats: .dxf, .plt, .ai, .eps. The programme ensures fast and precise development of cutting paths. PLASMA SOURCE The basic plasma equipment includes the 120A cutting system, which is characterized by high productivity and cutting quality and speed. AUTOMATIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM Plasma cutting machine equipment also includes an automatic lubrication system that minimizes machine maintenance. The central lubrication system is a simple and functional device used to supply grease to the places where machine and equipment components come into contact. - POWER 400V 50Hz - MAX SPEED 45 m/min - DOOR SHAPE 200-600 mm - TYPE OF WORKING TABLE Knife table - WORKING TABLE WEIGHT 500 kg/m2 Cedpfjur R Ersx Ad Ijhc

Year of construction: 2025, condition: new, functionality: fully functional, High Speed · High Precision · High Stability The VS series high-speed laser tube cutter for small pipes has arrived! Csdpowwzudefx Ad Ijhc This machine features a high-precision chuck system designed specifically for tube cutting. With excellent sealing and dust protection, it delivers clamping accuracy within ≤0.1mm ideal for ultra-precise small tube processing. The chuck rotates up to 160 RPM, with acceleration reaching 1.5G, easily enabling high-efficiency processing of small-diameter tubes. easily enabling high-efficiency processing of small-diameter tubes. it supports true ultra-short tail cutting saving cost from the very beginning. Available in 3000W and 6000W, Handles square and round tubes from 10mm to 120mm in diameter, Also capable of cutting angle steel, channel steel, and I-beams A true all-rounder for small pipe fabrication. Supports automatic or semi-automatic loading Effortlessly enables smart and automated processing. One machine replaces three workers — A powerful and efficient tool for small pipe manufacturing!

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, Table surface: 7,500 x 2,500 mm Positioning speed: 40,000 mm/min Positioning accuracy: = 0.06 mm/min Repeatability: 0.05 mm/min Machine weight approx.: 2,300 kg MicroStep CNC cutting system of the MG series with the following features: - Hypertherm® XPR170™ plasma power source with automatic OptiMix™ console - Plasma rotator for weld preparation - Fully automatic oxy-fuel torch - Fully automatic drilling spindle MG-40-P26 with 26.8 kW - Steel portal driven and stiffened on both sides for a clear and precise cut - AC servo motors from Panasonic for high drive power and excellent dynamics - Durable and low-maintenance planetary gearboxes - User-friendly machine control - High reliability and long service life, even in three-shift operation - MicroStep iMSNC® machine control with MMI console and 24" touchscreen - iMSNC® module | User management - iMSNC® module | Expert system - iMSNC® module | Automatic calibration of mechanical sensing - iMSNC® module | Visualization of wear parts - iMSNC® module | Assistant for loading CNC programs - iMSNC® module | Management of cutting programs (MRP) - iMSNC® module | EcoInfo - iMSNC® module | MachineInfo - iMSNC® module | Assistant for service and maintenance operations - USB 3.0 connection for storage media - Remote maintenance module MicroStep RemoteDiagnostics® - Remote maintenance access via TeamViewer - Two LCD control units on the portal - Laser pointer with automatic offset transfer - Hypertherm® XPR170™ plasma power source - Industry-leading cut quality - X-Definition - Advanced HyDefinition technology - Automatic gas console | OptiMix™ - CNC interface for the Hypertherm® XPR170™ Connection to the CNC control - Module for automatic power control of the Hypertherm® XPR170™ - Electrical and mechanical torch sensing - Remote activation of plasma power source - Double-sided cable protection (collision protection) of the portal bridge via emergency stop - Extraction table system with oscillating conveyor OXYtrac 2580 HD Main components and dimensions: 1 Table consisting of: 4 table elements WxLxH (mm) 2,600 x 2,080 x 950 Total support area: WxLxH (mm) 2,600 x 8,320 x 950 Contiguously usable working area per table: Chodpfx Aszwl Dmjd Isc Vertical cutting: WxL (mm) 2,500 x 8,000 Bevel cutting: WxL (mm) 2,000 x 8,000 Table width (outer): W (mm) 2,830 2 Oscillating troughs L (mm) approx. 8,900 Cutting processes and associated extraction capacity: 1x Plasma max. 170 Amp., bevel cutting 1x Oxy-fuel max. 100 mm workpiece thickness regularly 200 mm workpiece thickness occasionally

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, functionality: fully functional, Well-maintained plasma cutting machine with a 6,000 × 2,000 mm working area, Kjellberg plasma source, and Donaldson Torit DCE extraction system. Manufacturer: MicroStep Model: MasterCut Compact 6001.20P Machine type: Plasma cutting machine Year of manufacture: 2016 Working area: 6,000 × 2,000 mm Chedpfx Aoz Hykkod Iec Plasma source: Kjellberg HiFocus 161 neo Cutting range, sheet thickness: 1–30 mm Extraction system: Donaldson Torit DCE Condition: Good Maintenance: Serviced annually by MicroStep Location: Rottweil The seller can assist with loading.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, laser power: 1,500 W, positioning speed: 80 m/min, repeat accuracy: 0.03 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, warranty duration: 24 months, working range: 6,000 mm, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, G-12A HIGH SPEED PROFESSIONAL TUBE LASER CUTTING MACHINE 1500-3000W The G series is equipped with many high-quality components with extreme performance and powerful cutting functions,suitable for tube cutting of various types and diameters ● The Highest Standards of Chucks in the Industry ● Two Methods for Fewer-tailing Cutting ● Variable Diameter Wheel Supporting ● Automatic Unloading Device ● Super Dust Removal System ● Patented Dust Baffle ● High-strength Cage Structure Welded Machine Bed Technical Parameter: Power: 1500W-3000W Maximum Tube Processing Size: 6000mm*φ120mm Max. Rotating Speed of Chucks: 160r/min X/Y-axis Positioning Accuracy≤0.05mm X/Y-axis Repositioning Accuracy≤±0.03mm Maximum positioning speed: 80m/min Max. Acceleration: 1.5G Round Tube Processing Dim: Φ10mm-Φ120mm Square Tube Processing Dim: 10mm*120mm Overall Dimensions: 9000mm*2700mm The Highest Standards of Chucks in the Industry The highest standards of chucks in the industry with strong clamping force, high rigidity, high speed, and stable performance Two Methods for Fewer-tailing Cutting Support two fewer-tailing cutting methods , choose one of them on the software interface according to different tube diameters Chuck double jaws: standard double jaws, small tube cutting precision is guaranteed Support: 2 sets of variable diameter wheel support standard (optional to increase to 3 sets)/optional servo support Unloading: [3M/4M] cylinder unloading rack/optional-[3M/4M] servo unloading rack/optional Loading: [Fully automatic loading rack/simple fully automatic loading rack/semi-automatic loading rack]/optional Dust removal: standard rear card hollow dust removal Cjdpfx Adsuc Sifs Ijhc Short tail: chuck fixed, crossbeam fixed, short tail, front card open, rear card Continue to move forward, shorten the tail, ≥80 mm; if the short tail function is not used, the tail is about 200 mm Variable Diameter Wheel Supporting G Series has a wide range of cutting for various types and diameters of tubes, supported by the variable diameter wheel Automatic Unloading Device Efficient automatic unloading, saving time and labor costs, greatly improving production efficiency Super Dust Removal System The super dust removal system with ventilation design inside the chuck and the tube reduces the slag hanging in the tube, which is independently researched and developed by Glorystar Patented Dust Baffle Patented dust baffle protects important components from pollution and ensures stable performance High-strength Cage Structure Welded Machine Bed The industry’s highest-quality high strength cage structure welded machine bed with long life, anti-vibration, anti-torsion and anti-deformation

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, sheet thickness (max.): 80 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 50 mm, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 13,000 mm, cutting current: 300 A, travel distance X-axis: 2,500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 12,000 mm, type of cooling: water, Here is the sales listing translated into professional English: For Sale: Teknohaus Thermcut 4500 P Gantry Cutting Machine (Bevel Plasma & Oxy-Fuel) For sale: A modern, industrial-grade Teknohaus Thermcut 4500 P gantry cutting machine, manufactured in 2021. This system combines high-precision Hypertherm XPR300 bevel plasma technology with IHT Automation oxy-fuel cutting, offering a versatile range of cutting capabilities from thin sheet metal to heavy plate cutting and beveling. Key Specifications Manufacturer: Suomen Teknohaus Oy Model: Thermcut 4500 P Year of Manufacture: 2021 Supply Voltage: 3 x 400 V Dimensions & Capability Cutting Area / Table Size: 2,500 mm x 1,200 mm Bevel Plasma Capability: Enables direct cutting of weld preparation bevels (e.g., V, X, Y, and K bevels) directly from the plate. Equipment & Features Plasma Power Source: Hypertherm XPR300 (X-Definition technology, 300 A) Oxy-Fuel Cutting: IHT Automation / GCE FIT+ torches with dedicated gas control panel (Preheat / Propane / Cutting / O₂) Control System: Modern CNC control unit with touchscreen and physical controls Chedpfx Adjzy I S Eo Isc Safety Features: Emergency pull-wire safety system along the table sides and comprehensive safety labeling Cutting Capacity (Hypertherm XPR300) Mild Steel: Piercing up to 50 mm (Argon-Assist), Severance up to 80 mm Stainless Steel & Aluminum: Piercing up to 38 mm / Severance 50–75 mm The machine is in excellent working condition and has been well-maintained in an industrial production environment.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, Used 6000 x 2000 mm plasma cutting machine from HPM (Italy) Type: GV 60 20 Table dimensions: 6000 x 2000 mm Hypertherm 130 XD with Truehole option New Hypertherm EdgeConnect CNC control + new servo motors Modesta extraction system Chodpfozd Ur Tex Ad Isc Includes spare parts Year of manufacture: 2008 CNC control renewed in: 2018

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Product characteristics The plasma burner or oxygen-gas CNC1 burner is a mobile device designed for cutting shapes out of a metal sheet. The machine does not require anchoring, thus reducing the assembly time considerably. Additionally, it enables for placing the machine in any location within the hall without any new expenses. The machine is equipped with an excellent quality wheel system that together with the low weight portal makes the plotter one of the fastest machines available on the market. The machine can be used for manual and automatic cutting. It is equipped with a digital controller that enables cutting out complicated shapes. The machine proves itself very well in the shipbuilding, machine-building and power industry. CNC1 has been equipped with a precise system of X/Y axes guides. The burner is controlled by Sino-USA electronic production system that is characterized by a high precision and elimination of the errors occurring during operation. The machine is very easy to configure. A manual configuration is possible for simple shapes and automatic configuration is possible for more complicated figures. The cutting pattern and the burner motion are shown on a display. An original FastCAM software is attached to the machine for easy configuration. The software is in English which makes the work easier. FastCAM is a technological CAD/CAM program, which is intended for designing and defining cutting paths of the elements cut out by CNC burning machines. The program shall be installed on an office PC or on a portable computer. After defining the way of cutting the operator receives a ready control code, which should be transferred to the control system of the machine. FastCAM program is a standard element of our machines. BASIC INFORMATION User-friendly interface – easy operation, even for people without prior experience of working with such programs as FastCAM Import of drawings in the *.txt format from any programs similar to e.g. AutoCAD, SolidWorks etc. MAKRO – a library containing standard shapes enables creating figures without the necessity of drawing them in CAD system. The program provides 2D figures NESTING – an optimal usage of sheet metal thanks to the automatic arrangement of elements on a sheet DEMO – shows a working path without having to turn on the plasma source or oxygen VOLTAGE HEIGHT CONTROLLER The machine is equipped with THC (a voltage control of the plasma burner blowtorch height). A precise control (+/- 0.1 mm) of the plasma blowtorch distance from a sheet metal during cutting. Higher accuracy and absence of defects which capacitive sensors and roller disks have. The parameters of the controller are collected automatically from the Automatic Cutting Parameters Selection table. Technical data Power supply 230 V LCD 7" color Code format Csdpfxovxhwvj Ad Iehc G-Code Working dimensions 1500×3000 mm Cutting speed 50–3000 mm/min Illustrations are preview only, the device is sold without the table. Manufacturer: Cormak

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, This MicroStep EasyCut 6001.25PrGB was manufactured in 2011. It is a CNC plasma/oxyfuel cutting machine designed for industrial, heavy-duty applications. Features include a large working area of 6000 × 2500 mm, dual-side driven gantry, and compatibility with CAM software like mCAM and AsperWin. It supports up to 6 oxyfuel torches and offers options like automatic height control. Note: the gas console is defective. Contact us for more information about this machine. Chjdpex D Hz Hefx Ad Ioc Application Types Cutting

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 150 h, functionality: fully functional, working range: 6,000 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 200 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 200 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 80 mm, cutting height (max.): 200 mm, table length: 6,000 mm, working width: 2,000 mm, table width: 2,000 mm, type of cooling: water, Equipment: documentation/manual, double-sided, MicroStep MasterCut 6001.20PG – 6,000 × 2,000 mm – Plasma + Oxyfuel For sale is a MicroStep MasterCut 6001.20PG CNC plasma/oxyfuel cutting system with a working area of 6,000 × 2,000 mm, manufactured in 2025. Equipped with a Kjellberg SmartFocus 300 fine plasma power source and an additional fully automatic oxyfuel cutting system. Csdpfxjz Hcr Dj Ad Ishc The system is designed for processing steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Key technical specifications: - Working area: 6,000 × 2,000 mm - Plasma: up to 80 mm - Oxyfuel: up to 200 mm - Kjellberg SmartFocus 300 Amperes - Fully automatic plasma support - Fully automatic oxyfuel support - Automatic gas consoles - Elevated gantry design - Smart Z movement - Active collision protection - MicroStep control with 24" touchscreen - Asper Basic 2D CAD/CAM - RemoteDiagnostics Included with the system is a Donaldson DFPRE 4-R filter/extraction system with 9.0 kW. The extraction system is explosion-proof and equipped with appropriate ATEX features, making the system suitable for cutting aluminum. The machine has been used very little and is in good condition. Inspection and demonstration under power are possible by appointment.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Refurbished in 2026. Fully operational plasma cutting machine in very good condition. Codpfx Adewinpxe Ijhc MicroStep PLS 7501.25PG Equipped with two torches: plasma and gas. Power source: Hypertherm, HyPerformance Plasma HPR260. Cuts black steel and stainless steel. Table dimensions: 7.5 m x 2.5 m. The machine can be inspected while in operation in Vilnius.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, SIMPLACUTTER (CAUHE) IV – 1680x1160 Machine lightly used, in very good condition, with new upgraded electronics + laser safety guard. Equipment: - heated plate - pneumatic clutch and brake - operator control panel - 3 operating modes: single, continuous, time-delayed opening - central lubrication - additional safety covers - maintenance tools - hardened pressure sheet Chjdpfx Adoy Rumyj Iec

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, Used plasma cutting machine from Haco Type: Compact 3015 Table dimensions: 3000 x 1500 mm Hypertherm HPR 130 amp power source Chodpfx Adeznun Ne Isc Includes spare parts

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, functionality: fully functional, working range: 6,000 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 30 mm, working width: 2,000 mm, working length: 6,000 mm, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 150 mm, type of cooling: water, We are offering this well-maintained MicroStep MasterCut Compact 6001.20P plasma cutting machine, manufactured in 2016. Manufacturer: MicroStep Codpfszt Imiox Ad Ijhc Model: MasterCut Compact 6001.20P Working area: 6000x2000 mm Year of manufacture: 2016 Condition: good Plasma source: Kjelberg Hi Focus 161 neo Cutting range: sheet metal thickness 1-30 mm The machine is in operation and can be inspected. The machine has been serviced annually by Microstep. Includes dust extraction system Donaltson Torit DCE. Machine available from September. If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, SIMPLACUTTER VA (CAUHE) – 1860x1440 Machine with low usage, in very good condition Equipment: – Pneumatic clutch and brake – Control console Csdpfoy Rummox Ad Iohc – 3 operating modes: single, continuous, time-delay on opening – Centralized lubrication – Additional safety guards – Working tools – Hardened pressure plate

Condition: ready for operation (used), Dimensions: Width: 180 mm Csdpfxexfk Dzo Ad Ijhc Depth: 460 mm Height: 280 mm Year of manufacture: 2008 Cutting thickness: Quality cut 12 mm – Severance cut 14 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, Worktable: 3,000 x 1,500 mm Table height: 700 mm Load capacity: Max. 600 N/m² Material thickness: 0.5 – 6 mm Speed: Max. 36 m/min Control unit: Flat display, keyboard and mouse Power supply: 3x 400V, 50Hz + 1x 220V, 50Hz (approx. 10 kW) Pneumatics: 6.0 – 8.5 bar (approx. 300 l/min) Dimensions: 4,100 x 2,200 x 1,700 mm Weight: 1,400 kg Cedpsxugqvsfx Ad Iehc The extraction unit is not included in the price. However, upon request, we can provide a suitable extraction system for the machine.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, SIMPLACUTTER (CAUHE) III – 1480x1070 Machine lightly used, in very good condition Equipment: Cjdpfx Aoy Rumaod Ijhc – Pneumatic clutch and brake – Control panel – Quick-mount frame (electric) + additional frame – 3 working modes: single, continuous, with time-delay on opening – Central lubrication – Additional safety covers – Service tools – Hardened pressure plate

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, EX-Trafire 30H Hand System starter 230V Plasma system Portable and powerful Cutting performance Cutting width (mm) (structural steel) 10+ Recommended (mm) 8 Piercing (mm) 8 Cutting current (A) 10-30 Chedpfoz D Aiwsx Ad Isc Duty cycle: 100% @ 21A - 88.4V 60% @ 25A - 90V 35% @ 30A - 92V Voltage 220-240 V Air flow (lpm/bar) 48/4.5 Pressure (max) (bar/psi) 10/145 Dimensions W x L x H (mm) 165 x 480 x 290 Includes hand torch FHT-EX 30H and wear parts Starter kit

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2012, welding current 20 - 100 A cutting capacity max. 35mm mm open-circuit voltage 250 V Required air-pressure min. 4 bar connected load 20 KVA connected load frequency 400 V weight 0,7 kg Dimensions (LxWxH) 1,0 x 0,6 x 0,8 mm Plasma cutting machine with cart Chedpjw En E Esfx Ad Ioc - Includes 7m hose package - Spare nozzles

Condition: good (used), Kraus and Reichert Kuris KVS700 Straight Knife Fabric Cutter Condition: Used and tested for functionality. _RD Cjdpfx Ajpitkgjd Ijhc 6 kg Find more textile machines - new and used - in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: ready for operation (used), GehoTM 800 D Film Sealing Machine / Foil Sealer Foot Pedal Operation Seam Length: 820 mm Seam Width: 3 mm With integrated cutting device You are welcome to arrange a viewing appointment. We can also organize cost-effective shipping for you! You will receive a proper invoice. For international customers, a net invoice can be issued, provided that a valid VAT ID number is available. Subject to prior sale. Visit our shop and browse our additional offers. All company names and trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners and are used only for identification and product description purposes. Chedpfjxfh D Eox Ad Ijc Technical specifications and item descriptions may be subject to errors or deviations. We reserve the right to make changes.